[Outstanding anatomist Felix Vicq-d'Azyr (1748-1794)].

Felix Vicq-d'Azyr (1748-1794) was a distinguished eighteenth-century scientist, personal physician to Queen Marie Antoinette and secretary of the Royal Society of Medicine, who made significant contributions to theoretical and practical medicine, most notably to neuroanatomy. His descriptions of the brain were among the most accurate of the time, and his «Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie» is one of the best neuroanatomical works. Vicq-d'Azyr was the first to use lithography in neuroanatomy, as well as the founder of the technique for dissecting fixed brain matter.

[Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) and his contribution to neurology (the 250th anniversary of the birth)].

Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) is Scottish physiologist, surgeon, artist, philosopher and anatomist. Throughout his professional career, Charles Bell made a number of important discoveries and published a large number of scientific papers. Bell first presented a detailed description of the clinical picture of facial palsy (later named after him) and a number of other neurological disorders, as well as important information about referred pain and reciprocal inhibition.

[Clinical anatomy of the Bernasconi-Cassinari artery].

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the Bernasconi-Cassinari's artery (marginal tentorial branch of internal carotid artery, ). It includes information on the history of its discovery, anatomical features, and topography. The interrelation between the anatomical features of this artery and the presence of neurological pathology in patients is discussed, along with neurosurgical treatment methodologies.

[Etymology of the meninges names in the work «Onomatologia anatomica» by Josef Hyrtl].

The article represents the translation of chapters of the scientific work «Onomatologia anatomica» (1880) by the Austrian anatomist Josef Hyrtl devoted to terminology in the anatomy of the meninges, namely , , , .

[Anatomical and clinical characteristics of the chorda tympani].

The article presents information about the applied and clinical anatomy of the . Brief information is given about the history of its discovery, embryonic and postnatal development, features of anatomy, topography and morphology. The clinical aspects of the lesion and methods of studying the function of the are described.

[Etymology of russian terms in the anatomy of the urinary system].

This paper analyzes the etymology of the Russian names of the organs of the urinary system (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) and their separate parts (renal pelvis). It is shown that Russian anatomical terms originate from the root morphemes of the Indo-European language group, which convey morphological, physiological or anatomical features of this or that organ. At the moment Russian terminology is widely used in the study of anatomy and other fundamental and medical sciences in universities and clinical practice along with common Latin names and eponyms of names of these or other structures.

[Modern ideas on trigeminal ganglion].

The article summarizes data about the structural and functional organization of the sensory ganglion of V cranial nerve - trigeminal, or Gassesrian, ganglion. Information about its discovery, embryonic development, anatomy and topography, features of cyto- and histoarchitectonics are given, the role of neurotransmitters of trigeminal ganglion neurons in nociception mechanisms is reflected, the functional significance of the trigeminal system and clinical aspects of the lesion of the Gasserian ganglion are described.

[Franciscus Silvius (1614-1672) and his contributions to neuroanatomy and clinical medicine].

The article is dedicated to the 350 anniversary of the death of the Dutch anatomist, physiologist, yatrochemist and the greatest physician of the XVII century, Franciscus Sylvius (Franz de le Boe) (1614-1672). His contribution to the study of the structure of the nervous system is characterized, as well as the main scientific discoveries and achievements in building a rational system of medical science and practice. It is stated that eponym «aquaeductus Sylvii» was coined by Lorenz Heister in 1717 in his paper «De admiranda cerebelli structura».

[Contribution of Thomas Willis (1621-1675) to neuroanatomy and clinical neurology (on the 400th anniversary of his birth)].

The article is devoted to the 400 anniversary of the birth of the famous English physician and anatomist Thomas Willis (Willisius), who made an invaluable contribution to the development of neurological science and practice. The authors briefly describe the stages of his life path and characterize his contribution to neuroanatomy and clinical medicine, in particular neurology.

[Etymology of terms in anatomy of central nervous system].

We consider the origin of neuroanatomical terms and their formation as such in the history of medicine. Along with the terms originating from common Indo-European roots and reflecting the typical process of metaphorization of trivial objects and phenomena, in this sphere we find semantic calques (one of the types of borrowing) and formations originating from late Latin. The prevailing simple metaphor testifies to the early origin of most terminological units.

[Morphological features of jaw osteonecroses in injectable drug abuse].

Objective: To determine the characteristic features in the structure of jaw bone sections in patients with jaw osteonecrosis caused by the use of homemade methamphetamine (HM) synthesized by the Nagai method.

Material And Methods: The investigation material was jaw sequesters and resected sections in 60 patients, which had been taken during sanitizing surgery for chronic odontogenic osteomyelitis (Group 1, =30, a comparison group) and jaw osteonecrosis (Group 2, =30). All the patients in Group 2 confirmed that they had been using HM for at least 2 years.

[Paul Pierre Broca: his contribution to medicine].

The article presents the main moments of the biography of the great 19 century anatomist, surgeon and anthropologist Paul Broca (1824-1880). The circumstances of his discovery of the motor center of oral speech, later called in his honor «Broca's area», in 1861 are described. His contributions to oncology, anthropology, and public health are briefly presented.

[Modern ideas about bulbourethral glands].

Bulbourethral glands are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system, the leading function of which is associated with ejaculation and includes both the neutralization of the acidic urine residues and environment of the female vagina, and friction reduction during the sexual intercourse. These glands play the role of immune barrier for urogenital infections, and also synthesize important autocrine and paracrine factors for the male urogenital system development. Glands pathologies usually have a subclinical course, however they can also lead to the functional disorders of the human urogenital system.

[The medical ethics of Amatus Lusitanus].

The authors of this study discovered in annals of history the "Oath" of the Portuguese physician Amatus Lusitanus (1511-1568) and translated it into Russian for the first time. The mentioned historical document represents a sort of Code of Honor of European physician of XVI century that both took in ethical norms of Hippocrates and determined one's own rules of doctoring. The ethical principles of Amatus are akin Hippocrates' ones and they are in parallel on seven positions.

[The history of the discovery of Gasserian ganglion].

The article presents in detail the history of the discovery of the trigeminal ganglion in the context to name it Gasserian ganglion. The historical, formal and logical methods of research, along with system analysis were used in the work. An in-depth research of little-known literature sources, which included scientific, publicistic and fiction components, was conducted.

[Discoveries of Giulio Cesare Aranzi].

The article provides a Russian translation of the 19th chapter of the work of Italian anatomist and surgeon Giulio Cesare Aranzi (Julius Caesar Arantius, 1530-1589) 'Observationes anatomicae', which describes his discoveries in the anatomy of the organ of vision: detection of m. levator palpebrae superioris and disproving of the then prevailing statement concerning the origin of external muscles of the eye from the dura mater. The article also gives a brief biography.

[Costanzo Varolio (1543-1575) - a significant personality in the development of neuroanatomy].

The biography of outstanding physician and anatomist Costanzo Varolio (1543-1575) is considered. His contribution to the study of the structure of the nervous system is characterized. The authors have translated fragments of his works concerning a method of brain dissection and pons later named in his honor.

[Lorenzo Bellini (16431704) and his discovery of the renal tubules].

In the article the biography of famous Italian doctor and anatomist Lorenzo Bellini who in his student years described a tubule system in the kidneys is reviewed. An authors translation of fragments of his work "Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum" with the description of the discovery as well as the works of Marcello Malpighi "Opera posthuma", which stated the priority of this discovery to Bellini and not to Bartolomeo Eustachi, is provided. The evaluation of the medical and scientific activities of Bellini by his contemporaries is given.

[The history of discovery of bulbourethral glands].

The article outlines the chronology of the discovery of the bulbourethral glands. Their first image appeared in 1600 in a collection of anatomical tables by Italian anatomist Hieronymus Fabricius of Acquapendente. In the scientific literature, they were first mentioned in one of the editions of "Journal des scavans" in 1684 as discovered by the French surgeon Jean Mry.

ARTERIAL EPONYMS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Eponym--name of the disease, certain structure or method after the person who usually first discovered and described them. Eponyms are widely spread in medicine which appeared to be in the area of a great interest for a lot of scientists. They can serve as a reflection of the evolution of the medical knowledge and making up the majority of anatomical terms.

[Revisiting eponyms of arteries of the brain].

This article describes the eponymous terms in anatomical nomenclature of the cerebral arteries. There are historical references revealing the etymology of described eponyms, including information about the professional and personal life of doctors and scientists who had first discovered or described particular structure of the cerebral arterial network. Chronology of the discovery of the cerebral arterial circle is described in details.

Eponyms in biliary tree.

Eponyms are very commonly used in medicine. Eponyms serve the goal of honoring scientists who have made important contribution to medicine. The article describes widespread and seldom used eponyms found in biliary structures.