A Distributed Neural Code in the Dentate Gyrus and in CA1.

Neurons are often considered specialized functional units that encode a single variable. However, many neurons are observed to respond to a mix of disparate sensory, cognitive, and behavioral variables. For such representations, information is distributed across multiple neurons.

Conserved CxC Motifs in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF66 Are Required for Viral Late Gene Expression and Are Essential for Its Interaction with ORF34.

Late gene transcription in the beta- and gammaherpesviruses depends on a set of virally encoded transcriptional activators (vTAs) that hijack the host transcriptional machinery and direct it to a subset of viral genes that are required for completion of the viral replication cycle and capsid assembly. In Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), these vTAs are encoded by ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, and ORF66. Assembly of the vTAs into a complex is critical for late gene transcription, and thus, deciphering the architecture of the complex is central to understanding its transcriptional regulatory activity.

Outcomes following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) vary by sex: Analysis of 83,059 women and men with morbid obesity.

Background: Previously we have reported variation in pre-operative clinical characteristics between women and men undergoing laparoscopic roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). However, variation by sex in post-operative outcomes following LRYGB has not been investigated.

Methods: Pre-operative data was compared to follow-up data at 12 months after surgery on 83,059 patients from the Surgical Review Corporation's BOLD database.

Neural Classifiers with Limited Connectivity and Recurrent Readouts.

For many neural network models in which neurons are trained to classify inputs like perceptrons, the number of inputs that can be classified is limited by the connectivity of each neuron, even when the total number of neurons is very large. This poses the problem of how the biological brain can take advantage of its huge number of neurons given that the connectivity is sparse. One solution is to combine multiple perceptrons together, as in committee machines.

Variation in Clinical Characteristics of Women Men Preoperative for Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Analysis of 83,059 Patients.

Variation by sex in preoperative clinical characteristics of female and male laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) patients has not been evaluated comprehensively. The objective of our study was to identify clinical differences between morbidly obese women and men seeking LRYGB. Data from 83,059 patients in the Surgical Review Corporation's Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database who were about to undergo LRYGB was analyzed in two groups: women (n = 65,325) and men (n = 17,734).

Management of gallbladder duplication using a single-site robotic-assisted approach: a case study.

Gallbladder duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. Here, we describe a 29-year-old female who presents with classic symptoms of biliary colic. A duplicated gallbladder was recognized on preoperative ultrasound.

Antithymocyte antibody-induced coagulopathy in renal transplant recipients.

Background: Antithymocyte antibody (ATA) remains the most commonly used induction immunosuppressive agent in renal transplantation (RT). To date, few case reports of ATA-induced coagulopathy exist.

Methods: We performed a single-center, retrospective analysis of renal transplant recipients (RTRs) who underwent RT followed by ATA therapy between 2007 and 2011.

Comparison of radiation exposure and cost between dynamic computed tomography and sestamibi scintigraphy for preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions.

Importance: Dynamic computed tomography (CT) is emerging as a first-line alternative to sestamibi scintigraphy for preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions. In recent years, there has been increased concern over the impact of radiation exposure from medical imaging, as well as on the cost of diagnostic medical procedures. An ideal diagnostic procedure would be cost effective while minimizing hazardous exposures and complication rates.

Ureteral stents: a risk factor for polyomavirus BK viremia in kidney transplant recipients undergoing protocol screening.

Background: Polyomavirus BK nephropathy (BKN) remains a common cause of early renal transplant dysfunction and graft loss. To date, little has been reported on the role, if any, of transplant ureteral stents in the development of polyomavirus BK viremia (BVK) and BKN.

Methods: We performed a single-center, retrospective analysis of renal transplant recipients who underwent renal transplantation followed by monthly BKV screening at Albany Medical Center between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2009.

Initiation of a screening protocol for polyoma virus results in a decreased rate of opportunistic non-BK viral disease after renal transplantation.

Background: Polyoma BK virus nephropathy (PVN) is a leading cause of renal allograft injury and loss. The mainstay of treatment, as there are no target therapies approved by the US Food & Drug Administration, is reduction in immunosuppression. However, current approaches are shifting to screening for viremia as an indicator of oncoming nephropathy, with subsequent reduction in immunotherapy.

A case of Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in a renal transplant patient.

Only 2 cases of Campylobacter bacteremia have been reported in renal transplant recipients, to our knowledge, with both resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. We present a case of a 56-year-old renal transplant recipient who presented with brief diarrheal illness followed by Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia. She remained asymptomatic for 5 days after initial presentation despite positive blood cultures.

Gastrojejunal strictures after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with a 21-MM circular stapler.

Introduction: Intraluminal staplers for gastrojejunostomy construction during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) may be associated with postoperative strictures. We analyzed outcomes of a transabdominal circular-stapled RYGBP with evaluation of short- and long-term anastomotic complications.

Methods: All laparoscopic RYGBPs performed between January 2004 and December 2005 at an academic institution were reviewed.

Is BMI greater than 60 kg/m(2) a predictor of higher morbidity after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass?

Background: It has been hypothesized that patients who are super-super morbidly obese, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 60 kg/m(2) or higher, have an increased rate of postoperative complications. As surgical techniques and operator experience with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improved with time, the selection criteria have expanded to include the super-super morbidly obese. We hypothesize that a higher BMI does not predict a higher postoperative complication rate.

[Features of expression and functional activity of P2X7 receptors in bone marrow cells under the action of doxorubicin].

Mechanisms of the myelotoxic action of doxorubicin associated with changes in the expression and functional activity of P2X7 receptors have been assessed. The acute and subacute exposure of bone marrow cells to doxorubicin in vivo changed the expression of P2X7, altered the intracellular and extracellular ATP concentrations, and modulated the process of programmed cell death. These changes were associated with transformed susceptibility of hemopoietic cells to the apoptogenic action of ATP.

[Alteration of CD38 expression and NAD+ metabolism induced by Doxorubicin in bone marrow cells].

Mechanisms of myelotoxic action of Doxorubicin associated with changes in NAD(+)-glycohydrolase/CD38 expression and activity have been assessed. During the acute and subacute exposure of bone marrow cells to Doxorubicin in vivo, expression of CD38 is decreased corresponding to elevation of intracellular and extracellular NAD+ concentrations. These changes are associated with increased susceptibility of hemopoietic cells to the apoptogenic action of Doxorubicin.

[Cardiac hemodynamics in patients with ischemic heart disease combined with chronic cholecystitis].

Cardiac haemodynamics have been studied radiocardiographically in 56 men at the age of 40-60 including 15 healthy persons, 24 patients with chronic coronary disease and 17 patients associating coronary disease with chronic cholecystitis. This association was shown to reduce minute heart volume thus playing the role of a factor compromising cardiac blood circulation in such patients. Neuroreflex influence on the coronary arteries and autoimmune damage of myocardium due to similarity of myocardial and gallbladder antigenic determinants may be probable mechanisms of such an effect.

[The treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma].

The authors analyzed treatment results in 82 patients with chronic bronchitis and 68 patients with bronchial asthma including association of inhalation of humid and dry sodium chloride aerosols with preliminary administration of a broncholytic drug. Improvement of the patients' condition was confirmed by results of functional examinations and data of immunological tests.