Network analysis and functional estimation of the microbiome reveal the effects of cashew nut shell liquid feeding on methanogen behaviour in the rumen.

The effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) feeding on the methane (CH ) emission and the ruminal microbiome of Lai Sind beef cattle were investigated. Changes in the methane production and rumen microbiome by CNSL feeding were monitored by a respiration chamber and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing respectively. The results demonstrated that CNSL feeding mitigated 20.

Structural changes of water in poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel during dehydration.

To investigate the mechanism of structural changes of water and polymer networks with drying and swelling, we measured the Raman spectra of a physically cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel synthesized using the freezing-thawing method. The results show that the vibrational frequencies of the O-H and C-H stretching modes decrease with dehydration. The frequency shifts observed are attributed to reduction of free water inside the polymer network.