Blumeria hordei affects volatile emission of susceptible and resistant barley plants and modifies the defense response of recipient plants.

The barley powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) poses enormous risks to crop production due to yield and quality losses. Plants and fungi can produce and release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as signals in plant communication and defense response to protect themselves. The present study aims to identify VOCs released by barley (Hordeum vulgare) during Bh-infection and to decipher VOC-induced disease resistance in receiver plants.

Association of the delayed changes in glutamate levels and functional connectivity with the immediate network effects of S-ketamine.

Ketamine shows rapid antidepressant effects peaking 24 h after administration. The antidepressant effects may occur through changes in glutamatergic metabolite levels and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) within the default mode network (DMN). A multistage drug effect of ketamine has been suggested, inducing acute effects on dysfunctional network configuration and delayed effects on homeostatic synaptic plasticity.

Targeted mass spectrometry of ketamine and its metabolites cis-6-hydroxynorketamine and norketamine in human blood serum.

Ketamine (KET) was originally developed as an anesthetic agent but has also attracted attention for further clinical applications such as medical treatment of depression or pain. The use of KET induces dissociation and emergence delirium. Due to these effects, KET has a high potential for abuse.

Sterilization of operative dentistry instruments: a United States dental school survey.

Questionnaires were mailed to 58 department chairpersons of Operative Dentistry inviting comments about their sterilization and asepsis procedures. Results indicate that dental schools are responding to infection-control procedures in a variety of ways.