Neuroprotective Effect of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Antagonist in the Rat Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antagonists are known for their neuroprotective effects. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of PAI-1 antagonists in a rat mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Sprague-Dawley male rats were grouped as sham (n = 7), TBI (n = 9), and TBI + PAI-1 antagonist (5 and 10 mg/kg TM5441 and TM5484; n = 6-7).

Daily Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents with Low Lumbar and Sacral Level Myelomeningocele.

Purpose: Children with low lumbar and sacral level myelomeningocele are expected to be community ambulators. However, they do not always meet the expected ambulation level by the time they reach adulthood. The purpose of this study is to investigate daily activity energy expenditure and physical activity levels of these patients in daily routine.

Effects of Three Different Frequencies of Aerobic Physical Activity on Heart and Kidney Tissues in Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Rats.

Objective: Exercise has many beneficial effects in the treatment and prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical activities with different frequencies performed within a total total duration of one week on the heart and kidney tissues and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions in experimental T2DM model.

Method: Rats (n: 30) were divided into sedentary control (SC), sedentary T2DM (SD), T2DM and continuous exercise (DEc, 30 min/day, 5 days/week), T2DM and short bouts exercise (DEsb, 3x10 min/day, 5 days/week), T2DM and weekend warrior exercise (DEww, 35+40 min/day, 2 days/week) groups.

The effects of aerobic exercise frequencies on liver fibrosis, α-fetoprotein and cytokeratin 19 in experimental type 2 diabetes-induced rats: an immunohistochemistry study.

We investigated using immunohistochemistry the effects of frequency of aerobic exercise on liver fibrosis and measured the expression of the oval cell marker, alpha fetoprotein (AFP), and the hepatocellular carcinoma marker, CK 19, in rats with early-period induced type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Rats were divided into four groups: control sedentary rats, diabetic sedentary rats, diabetic rats with continuous exercise (30 min/day, 5 days/week) and diabetic rats with short periods of exercise (3 x 10 min/day, 5 days/week). T2DM was induced using an intraperitoneal (i.

Treatment with milk thistle extract (Silybum marianum), ursodeoxycholic acid, or their combination attenuates cholestatic liver injury in rats: Role of the hepatic stem cells.

Background/aims: Cholestasis, which results in hepatic cell death, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure, is associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of milk thistle (MT, Silybum marianum) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or their combination on the activation of hepatic stem cells and on the severity of cholestasis liver injury in rats.

Materials And Methods: Under anesthesia, bile ducts of female Sprague Dawley rats were ligated (BDL) or had sham operation.

Effects of different aerobic exercise frequencies on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats: Continuous versus short bouts and weekend warrior exercises.

Background: Exercise training is known to have multiple beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to explore the effects of aerobic exercise frequency on diabetic parameters, the histopathological structure of skeletal muscle, diabetic myopathy, and mitochondrial enzyme activity in an experimental model of T2DM.

Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 35) were rendered diabetic by injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg).

Effects of MC4R, FTO, and NMB gene variants to obesity, physical activity, and eating behavior phenotypes.

Obesity is a major contributory factor of morbidity and mortality. It has been suggested that biological systems may be involved in the tendency to be and to remain physically inactive also behaviors such as food and beverage preferences and nutrient intake may at least partially genetically determined. Consequently, besides environment, genetic factors may also contribute to the level of physical activity and eating behaviors thus effect obesity.

Isokinetic strength profiles of thigh muscles of modern dancers in relation to their experience level.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to determine maximal voluntary peak torque (PT), PT% body weight (PT%BW), total work (TW), and hamstring/quadriceps ratio (HQR) for bilateral and unilateral thigh muscle strength during isokinetic muscle contractions in modern dancers in relation to their experience level.

Methods: Twenty-two female dancers were divided into two groups: intermediate dancers (ID, n=11) and advanced dancers (AD, n=11). Strength tests were performed using the Biodex System-III Pro Multijoint System isokinetic dynamometer to determine three joint angular velocities (60, 180, 300°/s).

Acute effects of static stretching on isokinetic thigh strength on modern dancers.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching in dominant leg flexor muscle groups on concentric isokinetic leg extension and flexion peak torque (PT), peak torque % body weight (PT%BW) and total work (TW) at 60, 180 and 300 °.s-1 in stretched and non-stretched limbs of modern dancers.

Methods: Twenty-six trained modern dancers volunteered in this study.

Impaired vasomotor function induced by the combination of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.

Although it is well known that endothelial function is compromised in the presence of either hypertension (HTN) or hypercholesterolemia (HCh), less is known about whether and how the combination of these risk factors (HTN+HCh) results in impaired endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD). The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of HTN+HCh on vasomotor function and to identify the mechanisms that underlie the altered vascular reactivity elicited by HTN+HCh. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasomotor responses of aortic vessels were studied in mice with diet-induced HCh and/or HTN induced by chronic administration of either angiotensin II (AngII) or deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt.

The involvement of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in exercise-induced bronchospasm in young soccer players.

Objectives: To investigate the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in soccer players with exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), to test whether these endogenous vasoactive molecules are involved in the development of EIB, and to examine the possible participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in these alterations.

Design: Observational study.

Setting: Football club.

Diet-supported aerobic exercise reduces blood endothelin-1 and nitric oxide levels in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.

Background: Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) forms an intermediate stage in the natural history of diabetes mellitus. Insulin-resistant states might be associated with dysfunction of the vascular endothelium.

Objectives: To determine the effects of chronic exercise and a low-calorie diet on plasma nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in patients with IGT and to elucidate the relationship between the oxidant stress markers and NO/ET-1 levels of blood before and after exercise.

Mediators of glucagon-like peptide 2-induced blood flow: responses in different vascular sites.

The aims of the present study were: to characterize the mechanisms of hemodynamic alterations induced by GLP-2, and, to compare the responses elicited in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) to other vascular beds. Anesthetized rats were infused at the doses of 0.9, 2.

Blood flow alterations in TNBS-induced colitis: role of endothelin receptors.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the time dependent changes in hemodynamic parameters and to assess the role of endothelin (ET) receptors in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis.

Materials: Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) hemodynamics, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and damage scores were measured immediately or 1, 3, 5 and 14 days after colitis.

Treatments: Another group of rats received a nonselective ET receptor antagonist bosentan (30 mg/kg/day), ET-A receptor antagonist BQ485 (60 microg/rat/day) or ET-B receptor antagonist BQ788 (60 microg/rat/day) prior to and on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days after TNBS administration.

Endothelin-3 induced mesenteric vasoconstriction and PMN infiltration in the rat small intestine: role of endothelin receptors.

The objectives of this study were to characterize endothelin (ET)-3-induced alterations in intestinal hemodynamics and to evaluate whether ET-3 administration alters the tissue levels of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and modulates the epithelial barrier function of the small intestine. ET-3 (100 pmol/kg/min) was infused into the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 10 min, and tissue samples were obtained 30 min after terminating the infusion. SMA blood flow was significantly decreased throughout the experiment following ET-3 infusion.

Hypertension module: an interactive learning tool in physiology.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the strong or weak aspects of an interactive study module introduced during the "Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Subject Committee" in the second year of the medical program. Five study groups consisting of 25 students attended two-hour module sessions for six weeks with the same tutor. According to the module assessment questionnaire, the majority of the students assessed the module as excellent or good.

Endothelin receptor blockers reduce I/R-induced intestinal mucosal injury: role of blood flow.

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of endothelin (ET) in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced mucosal injury. Mucosal permeability ((51)Cr-EDTA clearance) and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly increased after 30 min of ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. The I/R-induced increases in mucosal permeability and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration were significantly attenuated by pretreatments with ET(A) (BQ-485) and/or ET(B) (BQ-788) receptor antagonists.

Endothelin-1-induced PMN infiltration and mucosal dysfunction in the rat small intestine.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of endothelin (ET)-1 on intestinal mucosal parameters and to assess the contribution of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and a platelet-activating factor (PAF) to the mucosal dysfunction induced by ET-1. Different concentrations of ET-1 (100, 200, and 400 pmol/kg) were infused into the superior mesenteric artery for 10 min, and tissue samples were obtained 30 min after terminating the infusion. ET-1 administration significantly elevated tissue myeloperoxidase activity, plasma carbonyl content, and tissue chemiluminescence intensity, indicating that ET-1 produces PMN infiltration and oxidant stress.

Capsaicin-sensitive vagal fibres and 5-HT3-, gastrin releasing peptide- and cholecystokinin A-receptors are involved in distension-induced inhibition of gastric emptying in the rat.

The present study was undertaken to investigate how the activation of gastric mechanoreceptors by distension of the stomach in conscious gastric fistula rats influences gastric emptying; and the roles of capsaicin sensitive vagal afferent fibres and the 5-HT3, GRP and CCK-A receptors involved in mediating these responses. To activate mechanoreceptors by non-nutrient dependent pathways, methylcellulose in saline was used to distend the stomach (5 cm H2O) and the subsequent emptying of saline was examined immediately, and at 3, 5 and 10 min following distension. Prior distension delayed the subsequent emptying of saline instilled into the stomach compared with non-distended controls (2.

Bombesin ameliorates colonic damage in experimental colitis.

In the present study we investigated the possible therapeutic effects of bombesin on an experimentally induced colitis model in rats. Inflammation of the colon was induced by a single intracolonic administration of 30 mg of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) at 8 cm from the anus. Immediately after the induction of colitis, some rats were given bombesin (10 microg/kg; subcutaneously) three times a day for 14 days, while another group received vehicle treatment.

Role of endothelins in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats.

To determine the role of endothelins (ET) on experimental colitis, following intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid administration, rats were given orally either bosentan (BS), a nonselective ET receptor antagonist (100 mg/kg in 5% arabic gum), or arabic gum by gavage for 2 or 14 days. Macroscopic damage scores obtained in the vehicle (1.4+/-0.

Role of nitric oxide in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal dysfunction in the rat.

The present study was undertaken to explore the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of experimental non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy. We assessed the role of NO inhibition and donation in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal dysfunction. The stomach was perfused with vehicle (control) for 20 min, followed by indomethacin (10 mg ml-1 in 1 25 % sodium bicarbonate, pH 8 4) for 120 min.

Ischemia-reperfusion-induced delay in intestinal transit. Role of endothelins.

Background/aims: To evaluate the involvement of ET-1 in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.

Methods: Superior artery occlusion was performed in Wistar albino rats for 30 min followed by 2-hour (early reperfusion; ER) or 24-hour (late reperfusion; LR) reperfusion periods.

Results: Intestinal transit was found to be reduced in the ER and LR groups (19.

Adenosine protects against indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats.

This study examines the putative gastroprotective effect of adenosine on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and the possible mechanisms involved. After 24 hr of starvation, the rats were treated either with indomethacin (Indo; 25 mg/kg, subcutaneously) alone or adenosine + Indo (Ado; 7.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously, three times a day), or the vehicle (5% NaHCO3, subcutaneously).