Characterization of viroplasm-like structures by co-expression of NSP5 and NSP2 across rotavirus species A to J.

Unlabelled: Rotaviruses (RVs) are classified into nine species, A-D and F-J, with species A being the most studied. In rotavirus of species A (RVA), replication occurs in viroplasms, which are cytosolic globular inclusions composed of main building block proteins NSP5, NSP2, and VP2. The co-expression of NSP5 with either NSP2 or VP2 in uninfected cells leads to the formation of viroplasm-like structures (VLSs).

Interferon-γ inducible factor 16 (IFI16) restricts adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) transduction in an immune-modulatory independent way.

Unlabelled: We determined the transcription profile of adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2)-infected primary human fibroblasts. Subsequent analysis revealed that cells respond to AAV infection through changes in several significantly affected pathways, including cell cycle regulation, chromatin modulation, and innate immune responses. Various assays were performed to validate selected differentially expressed genes and to confirm not only the quality but also the robustness of the raw data.

The recruitment of TRiC chaperonin in rotavirus viroplasms correlates with virus replication.

Unlabelled: Rotavirus (RV) replication takes place in the viroplasms, cytosolic inclusions that allow the synthesis of virus genome segments and their encapsidation in the core shell, followed by the addition of the second layer of the virion. The viroplasms are composed of several viral proteins, including NSP5, which serves as the main building block. Microtubules, lipid droplets, and miRNA-7 are among the host components recruited in viroplasms.

Establishment of a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Model of Equine Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection.

There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is etiologically associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and precursor lesions in equids. However, the precise mechanisms underlying neoplastic progression remain unknown. To allow the study of EcPV2-induced carcinogenesis, we aimed to establish a primary equine cell culture model of EcPV2 infection.

Herpes simplex virus co-infection facilitates rolling circle replication of the adeno-associated virus genome.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome replication only occurs in the presence of a co-infecting helper virus such as adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). AdV5-supported replication of the AAV genome has been described to occur in a strand-displacement rolling hairpin replication (RHR) mechanism initiated at the AAV 3' inverted terminal repeat (ITR) end. It has been assumed that the same mechanism applies to HSV-1-supported AAV genome replication.

The HSV-1 Transcription Factor ICP4 Confers Liquid-Like Properties to Viral Replication Compartments.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) forms progeny in the nucleus within distinct membrane-less inclusions, the viral replication compartments (VRCs), where viral gene expression, DNA replication, and packaging occur. The way in which the VRCs maintain spatial integrity remains unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that the essential viral transcription factor ICP4 is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) capable of driving protein condensation and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in transfected cells.

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Coinfection Modifies Adeno-associated Virus Genome End Recombination.

Wild-type adeno-associated virus (AAV) can only replicate in the presence of helper factors, which can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses and herpesviruses. The AAV genome consists of a linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which is converted into different molecular structures within the host cell. Using high-throughput sequencing, we found that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) coinfection leads to a shift in the type of AAV genome end recombination.

EQUINE SARCOIDS IN CAPTIVE WILD EQUIDS: DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF 16 CASES-A POSSIBLE PREDISPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN COHORT OF SOMALI WILD ASS ()?

Equine sarcoids (ES) were diagnosed in 12 Somali wild asses (SWA) () from 10 different institutions of the SWA European Endangered Species Programme from 1976 to 2019. Samples of surgically excised masses, biopsies, or necropsy samples were submitted for histologic and virologic analysis. In addition, tissue samples from one onager (), one kulan (), and two Hartmann's mountain zebras (HMZ) () were examined.

Rapid and simple colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1.

As the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis/Balanoposthitis (IPV/IPB), Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is responsible for high economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. This study aimed to establish a fast, colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of viral DNA. Phenol red is used as pH-sensitive readout, relying on a distinct color change from pink to yellow in case of a positive reaction.

Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Encodes a Previously Unrecognized Protein, pOv8.25, That Targets Mitochondria and Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a rare but frequently lethal disease of certain cloven-hoofed animals. At least 10 different viruses, all members of the genus in the subfamily , are known as causative agents of MCF. Among these, ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is the most frequent and economically most important MCF agent.

Conserved Rotavirus NSP5 and VP2 Domains Interact and Affect Viroplasm.

One step of the life cycle common to all rotaviruses (RV) studied so far is the formation of viroplasms, membrane-less cytosolic inclusions providing a microenvironment for early morphogenesis and RNA replication. Viroplasm-like structures (VLS) are simplified viroplasm models consisting of complexes of nonstructural protein 5 (NSP5) with the RV core shell VP2 or NSP2. We identified and characterized the domains required for NSP5-VP2 interaction and VLS formation.

Paving the way for more precise diagnosis of EcPV2-associated equine penile lesions.

Background: There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is causally associated with the development of equine genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Early stages of disease present clinically as plaques or wart-like lesions which can gradually progress to tumoural lesions. Histologically these lesions are inconsistently described as benign hyperplasia, papilloma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), carcinoma in situ (CIS) or SCC.

The herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 kinase is involved in assembly of membranes needed for viral envelopment and in distribution of glycoprotein K.

Capsids of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled in cell nuclei, released into the perinuclear space by budding at the inner nuclear membrane acquiring tegument and envelope. Alternatively, capsids gain access to the cytoplasm via dilated nuclear pores. They are enveloped by Golgi membranes.

RNA-seq analysis in equine papillomavirus type 2-positive carcinomas identifies affected pathways and potential cancer markers as well as viral gene expression and splicing events.

Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) was discovered only recently, but it is found consistently in the context of genital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Since neither cell cultures nor animal models exist, the characterization of this potential disease agent relies on the analysis of patient materials. To analyse the host and viral transcriptome in EcPV2-affected horses, genital tissue samples were collected from horses with EcPV2-positive lesions as well as from healthy EcPV2-negative horses.

Transmembrane regions of bovine herpesvirus 1-encoded UL49.5 and glycoprotein M regulate complex maturation and ER-Golgi trafficking.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1)-encoded UL49.5 (a homologue of herpesvirus glycoprotein N) can combine different functions, regulated by complex formation with viral glycoprotein M (gM). We aimed to identify the mechanisms governing the immunomodulatory activity of BoHV-1 UL49.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Boa ()-Specific Papillomavirus Type 1 Isolate.

We present the full-length genome sequence of a new papillomavirus detected in skin lesions collected from a boa (Boa constrictor). Based on the nucleotide sequence analysis, we propose to designate the newly identified virus as Boa constrictor (BcPV1), a new species in the genus Dyomupapillomavirus.

Detection and Characterization of Okapi (Okapia johnstoni)-specific Papillomavirus type 1 (OjPV1).

Papillomavirus-specific DNA was detected in skin lesions collected from an okapi (Okapia johnstoni) in the Zoo Basel. According to the nucleotide sequence analysis, the virus belongs to the genus Deltapapillomavirus. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we propose to designate the newly identified virus as Okapia johnstoni Papillomavirus type 1 (OjPV1).

Experimental evaluation of infection, dissemination, and transmission rates for two West Nile virus strains in European Aedes japonicus under a fluctuating temperature regime.

West Nile virus (WNV) is continuously spreading in Eastern and Southern Europe. However, the extent of vector competence of Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901) is controversial. In this work, we elucidated the dynamics of virus growth in this invasive mosquito species.

Oral Application of Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores to Dogs Results in a Humoral Response against Specific Echinococcus granulosus Paramyosin and Tropomyosin Antigens.

is known as an endospore- and biofilm-forming bacterium with probiotic properties. We have recently developed a method for displaying heterologous proteins on the surface of biofilms by introducing the coding sequences of the protein of interest into the bacterial genome to generate a fusion protein linked to the C terminus of the biofilm matrix protein TasA. Although is a regular component of the gut microflora, we constructed a series of recombinant strains that were tested for their ability to be used to immunize dogs following oral application of the spores.

Cell Cycle-Dependent Expression of Adeno-Associated Virus 2 (AAV2) Rep in Coinfections with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Gives Rise to a Mosaic of Cells Replicating either AAV2 or HSV-1.

Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) depends on the simultaneous presence of a helper virus such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for productive replication. At the same time, AAV2 efficiently blocks the replication of HSV-1, which would eventually limit its own replication by diminishing the helper virus reservoir. This discrepancy begs the question of how AAV2 and HSV-1 can coexist in a cell population.

Transfer of Anti-Rotavirus Antibodies during Pregnancy and in Milk Following Maternal Vaccination with a Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Amplicon Vector.

Rotaviruses (RVs) are important enteric pathogens of newborn humans and animals, causing diarrhea and in rare cases death, especially in very young individuals. Rotavirus vaccines presently used are modified live vaccines that lack complete biological safety. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that vaccines based on in situ produced, non-infectious rotavirus-like particles (RVLPs) are efficient while being entirely safe.

Geno- and seroprevalence of Felis domesticus Papillomavirus type 2 (FdPV2) in dermatologically healthy cats.

Background: Papillomaviruses can cause proliferative skin lesions ranging from benign hyperplasia to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, asymptomatic infection is also possible. Several groups have detected Felis domesticus Papillomavirus type 2 (FdPV2) DNA in association with feline Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC).

Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Rep68 Can Bind to Consensus Rep-Binding Sites on the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Genome.

Adeno-associated virus type 2 is known to inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). This activity has been linked to the helicase- and DNA-binding domains of the Rep68/Rep78 proteins. Here, we show that Rep68 can bind to consensus Rep-binding sites on the HSV-1 genome and that the Rep helicase activity can inhibit replication of any DNA if binding is facilitated.