Hepatitis B vaccine responders show higher frequencies of CD8 effector memory and central memory T cells compared to non-responders.

Hepatitis B (HB) infection is a major global health problem. There is limited knowledge about HB vaccination-induced immune memory responses. We compared the frequency of CD8 memory T cell subsets between responders (RSs) and non-responders (NRs) to HB vaccination.

The effects of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes on susceptibility to severe COVID-19 in the Iranian population.

Background: Variations in the innate and adaptive immune response systems are linked to variations in the severity of COVID-19. Natural killer cell (NK) function is regulated by sophisticated receptor system including Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family. We aimed to investigate the impact of possessing certain KIR genes and genotypes on COVID19 severity in Iranians.

Alterations in metabolic pathways: a bridge between aging and weaker innate immune response.

Aging is a time-dependent progressive physiological process, which results in impaired immune system function. Age-related changes in immune function increase the susceptibility to many diseases such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Different metabolic pathways including glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid synthesis regulate the development, differentiation, and response of adaptive and innate immune cells.

IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22 CD4 subset in patients with hepatitis C virus and correlation with clinical factor.

Background: CD4 T cell responses in HCV infection have a crucial role in the immunopathology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our aim was to investigate the frequency of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells in HCV-infected patients and elucidate their role in the progression of the disease.

Methods: Twenty-six HCV-infected patients and 26 healthy individuals were recruited.

Activating KIR/HLA-I combinations as a risk factor of adult B-ALL.

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the most predominant type of ALL, is less common and incurable among adults. Regarding the pivotal role of NK cells in immune surveillance against hematological malignancies, studying the effective factors in regulating their function, particularly KIRs as the most important NK cell receptors and HLA-I molecules as their main ligands, is of importance. Since NK responses against malignant lymphoblasts are influenced by KIR signals, we did a case-control study on 154 adult patients with B-ALL and 181 healthy controls to investigate the correlation of KIR/HLA-I combinations with susceptibility to B-ALL in Iranians.

The frequency of IgG anti-varicella and anti-rubella antibodies in female students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

Background: As infection with rubella and varicella-zoster viruses (VZV) can lead to congenital syndrome and its dangerous complications, assessing immunity to these congenital infections can represent the biological risk assessment related to their exposure in high-risk groups. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of IgG anti-varicella/rubella antibodies (Abs) in female students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Iran.

Patients And Methods: In this study, a total of 434 female students were included.

Association study between killer immunoglobulin-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to COVID-19 disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a known virus that leads to a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Natural killer (NK) cells, as members of innate immunity, possess crucial roles in restricting viral infections, including COVID-19. Their functions and development depend on receiving signals through various receptors, of which killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) belong to the most effective ones.

Frequency of B-Cell Subpopulations in Low Responders in Comparison with High Responders to Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Health Care Workers.

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent Hepatitis B (HB) infection. The goal of vaccination is to induce immunological memory. Hence, determining the frequency of memory B-cell (MBC) subsets is an important indicator of vaccine efficacy.

Targeting TRIM29 As a Negative Regulator of CAR-NK Cell Effector Function to Improve Antitumor Efficacy of these Cells: A Perspective.

Natural killer (NK) cells are among the most important cells in innate immune defense. In contrast to T cells, the effector function of NK cells does not require prior stimulation and is not MHC restricted. Therefore, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells are superior to CAR-T cells.

Th-1, Th-2, Th-9, Th-17, Th-22 type cytokine concentrations of critical COVID-19 patients after treatment with Remdesivir.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the world causing a pandemic known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cytokine storm was directly correlated with severity of COVID-19 syndromes. We evaluated the levels of 13 cytokines in ICU hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 29) before, and after treatment with Remdesivir as well as in healthy controls (n = 29).

Investigation of the frequencies of various B cell populations in non-responder healthcare workers in comparison with responders to hepatitis B virus vaccination.

Background: Hepatitis B is a major global health problem. More than 90% of hepatitis B-vaccinated immunocompetent adults become fully immune. The main purpose of vaccination is immunization.

Immune responses in mildly versus critically ill COVID-19 patients.

The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had devastating effects on the global health and economic system. The cellular and molecular mediators of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are critical in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, dysregulated inflammatory responses and imbalanced adaptive immunity may contribute to tissue destruction and pathogenesis of the disease.

The frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ circulating T stem cell memory in type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: The frequencies and functions of T stem cell memory (TSCM) subsets vary in autoimmune diseases. We evaluated the frequencies of CD4 and CD8 TSCM subsets as well as their PD-1 expression levels in patients with T1D.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from new case (NC) (n = 15), and long-term (LT) (n = 15) groups and healthy controls (n = 15).

Targeting T Cell Metabolism as a Novel Approach for Treatment of MS: With a Focus on PFKFB3 Inhibitors.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the organ-specific autoimmune diseases in which immune cells invade the neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) due to loss of tolerance to self-antigens. Consequently, inflammation and demyelination occur in the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of MS is not completely understood.

Lower frequency of T stem cell memory (TSCM) cells in hepatitis B vaccine nonresponders.

Despite the availability of an effective vaccine and antiviral treatments, hepatitis B is still a global public health problem. Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent the disease. Vaccination induces long-lasting protective immune memory, and the identification of memory cell subsets can indicate the effectiveness of vaccines.

Accelerated co-cultured dendritic cell (acDC) loaded with autologous apoptotic bodies might be a promising approach for antigen delivery.

Antigens derived from engulfed apoptotic bodies that are presented by dendritic cells can amplify Ag-specific T-cells. Accelerated co-cultured DC (acDC) strategy keeps lymphocytes in contact with differentiating DCs. Therefore, Ag-specific T-cell activation can occur during DC maturation.

Targeting Citrate Carrier (CIC) in Inflammatory Macrophages as a Novel Metabolic Approach in COVID-19 Patients: A Perspective.

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can be a fatal disease and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). SARS-CoV2 is an enveloped virus that belongs to the Beta coronavirus subfamily. After entering into the target cells, this virus replicates rapidly and leads to cellular damage and uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation.

Comparison of the clinical features and outcome of children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to visceral leishmaniasis and primary HLH: a single-center study.

Background: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of excessive inflammation. We aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory findings of HLH patients secondary to Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and their treatment outcome during a 4-year follow-up period compared to primary HLH.

Method: Forty children with primary HLH confirmed by genetic study and 20 children with HLH secondary to VL confirmed by a blood or bone marrow polymerase chain reaction from 2014 to 2018 in Shiraz, Fars province, Southern Iran, were enrolled.

Correlation between IL-28 polymorphism and spontaneous clearance in HCV patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious global health issue. Nearly 20% of HCV patients spontaneously clear the virus. While some studies have shown an association of spontaneous clearance (SC) of the virus with interleukin (IL) 28B single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), others did not show such a relationship.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor engagement during redox alteration determines the fate of CD4 T cells in C57BL/6 mice.

The preservation of the redox homeostasis is critical for cell survival and functionality. Redox imbalance is an essential inducer of several pathological states. CD4 /helper T cells are highly dependent on the redox state of their surrounding milieu.

Decreased serum levels of IL-27and IL-35 in patients with Graves disease.

Objective: Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease causing the overproduction of the thyroid hormone from thyroid gland. This disease is mainly the result of the production of antibodies against TSH receptors. Cytokines play an important role in orchestrating the pathophysiology in autoimmune thyroid disease.

Leishmanial apolipoprotein A-I expression: a possible strategy used by the parasite to evade the host's immune response.

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) represents the main component of the lytic factor (TLF) which contributes to the host innate immunity against and . These parasites use complex and multiple strategies such as molecular mimicry to evade or subvert the host immune system. Previous studies have highlighted the adaptation mechanisms of TLF-resistant species.

Proportion of T follicular helper cells in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Alterations in the levels and activity of Tfh may lead to impaired immune tolerance and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the proportion and types of Tfh cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of RA patients.Comprehensive databases were searched for studies evaluating the proportion of Tfh cells in the PB of patients with RA compared to healthy control (HCs).