Comparison of the Controlled Atmosphere Treatment for Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation of .

In this study, a controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment was used in the submerged (SM) and solid-state (SS) fermentation of to determine the optimal conditions. The goal was to accelerate the artificial fermentation to obtain as an ingredient for dietary supplements. The results indicated that when CA treatment was used, the SM and SS fermentation of yielded polysaccharide and betulinic acid contents 2-2.

Luminescent properties and characterization of one dimensional Gd(2)O(3):Eu(3+) phosphor nano-wire for field emission application.

Gd(2)O(3):Eu(3+) nano-wire phosphors embedded in SBA-15 silica templates were synthesized using a combination of the sol-gel method and hydrothermal reactions followed by a sintering process at 1000 °C. The crystal structure of Gd(2)O(3):Eu(3+) was confirmed using x-ray diffraction. Observation using transmission electron microscopy shows that the nano-wire diameters were very uniform in the 7-9 nm range.

Luminescent properties and characterization of Gd2O3:Eu(3+)@SiO2 and Gd2Ti2O7:Eu(3+)@SiO2 core-shell phosphors prepared by a sol-gel process.

Gd2O3:Eu(3+) and Gd2Ti2O7:Eu(3+) films 10 nm in thickness were individually coated onto silica spheres (particle size of 150-170 nm) using the sol-gel method. The synthesized materials were addressed as Gd2O3:Eu(3+)@SiO2 and Gd2Ti2O7:Eu(3+)@SiO2 phosphors. An x-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), and photoluminescence spectrophotometer (PL) were employed to characterize the core-shell phosphors.