Association between Global Myopia Prevalence and International Levels of Education.

Significance: The Global Myopia Prevalence and International Levels of Education study models national trends in educational performance with myopia prevalence in children; it examines the association of near work with myopia in the form of an ecologic analysis and also discusses how this may relate to educational frameworks.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between myopia prevalence and national educational performance.

Methods: The prevalence of myopia in the 15- to 19-year age group in 35 regions was obtained from a meta-analysis by Holden et al.

Ru(ii)-Catalyzed C-H addition and oxidative cyclization of 2-aryl quinazolinones with activated aldehydes.

The ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between 2-aryl quinazolinones and activated aldehydes is described. This method enables the site-selective hydroxyalkylation under redox-neutral conditions. Moreover, this protocol provides a facile access to various tetracyclic isoindoloquinazolinones by using Cu(OAc) as an external oxidant via C-H addition and subsequent intramolecular cyclization.

Phthalazinone-Assisted C-H Amidation Using Dioxazolones Under Rh(III) Catalysis.

The preparation of phthalazinone derivatives is pivotal for their utilization as pharmaceutical agents and other entities. Herein, we report the phthalazinone-assisted carbon-nitrogen bond forming reaction using dioxazolones as robust amidation sources under Rh(III) catalysis. The broad functional group tolerance and complete site-selectivity are observed.

Ru(II)-Catalyzed C-H Hydroxyalkylation and Mitsunobu Cyclization of -Aryl Phthalazinones.

Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed C(sp)-H functionalization of -aryl phthalazinones with a range of aldehydes and activated ketone is described. Initial formation of hydroxyalkylated phthalazinones and subsequent Mitsunobu cyclization provided facile access to biologically relevant indazolophthalazinones. The utility of this method is highlighted by synthetic transformations into a series of potentially bioactive scaffolds.

Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Site-Selective Hydroxymethylation of Indolines with Paraformaldehyde.

The facile synthesis of hydroxymethylated indole derivatives is crucial for their further development as pharmaceutical compounds and other synthetic purposes. Herein, we describe the ruthenium(II)-catalyzed hydroxymethylation of indolines and other N-heterocycles using paraformaldehyde as an abundant C1 feedstock. A wide substrate scope range and high levels of site selectivity as well as functional group tolerance were observed.

Use of temporary filling material for index fabrication in Class IV resin composite restoration.

When a patient with a fractured anterior tooth visits the clinic, clinician has to restore the tooth esthetically and quickly. For esthetic resin restoration, clinician can use 'Natural Layering technique' and an index for palatal wall may be needed. In this case report, we introduce pre-restoration index technique on a Class IV defect, in which a temporary filling material is used for easy restoration.

Stimulation of matrix metalloproteinases by tumor necrosis factor-α in human pulp cell cultures.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether in vitro stimulation of pulp cells leads to increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and, if so, to identify which MMPs are affected.

Methods: Cells cultured from dental pulp were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours, and lysates were analyzed with an antibody array (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). The mRNA and protein levels of MMP-3, -10, and -13 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis, and zymography.

Sintering and piezoelectric properties of KNN ceramics doped with KZT.

This paper investigates the effect of K(1.94)Zn(1.06)Ta(5.

Computational study of conformational preferences of thioamide-containing azaglycine peptides.

The effect of thioamide substitution on the conformational stability of an azaglycine-containing peptide, For-AzaGly-NH2 (1), was investigated for the sake of finding possible applications by using ab initio and DFT methods. As model compounds, For-[psiCSNH]-AzaGly-NH2 (2), For-AzaGly-[psiCSNH]-NH2 (3), and For-[psiCSNH]-AzaGly-[psiCSNH]-NH2 (4) were used. Two-dimensional phi-psi potential energy surfaces (PESs) for 2-4 were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level in gas (epsilon = 1.