An Exploration of Dissolution Tests for Inhalation Aerosols.

This study aimed to establish a feasible dissolution method for inhalation aerosols. A method of collecting fine particles was investigated to capture aerosol particles less than 4 μm in diameter for dissolution tests. This dose collection method enabled the aerosol particles to be uniformly distributed on the glass fiber filter, thus considerably reducing particle agglomeration.

Impact of the quality and diversity of reference products on creative activities in online communities.

In creativity research, an important unresolved issue relates to identifying the kind of information an individual should be exposed to in order to be highly creative. We aimed to gain insights into this issue; we collected and statistically analyzed three datasets related to three large online communities (namely Cities: Skylines, SCP-wiki, and Archive of Our Own) engaged in mod development and novel writing to examine whether the quality and diversity of other people's products referred to have a positive effect on product generation. Our analysis revealed the following three findings: (1) the quality diversity of reference products generated by others has the most positive impact on the quality of generated products when it is neither high nor low, (2) the content diversity of reference products generated by others has a negative impact on the quality of generated products, and (3) the quality of reference products generated by others has a negative impact on the quality of generated products when it is extremely high.

Crowdsourcing Knowledge Production of COVID-19 Information on Japanese Wikipedia in the Face of Uncertainty: Empirical Analysis.

Background: A worldwide overabundance of information comprising misinformation, rumors, and propaganda concerning COVID-19 has been observed in addition to the pandemic. By addressing this data confusion, Wikipedia has become an important source of information.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate how the editors of Wikipedia have handled COVID-19-related information.

Social influence makes outlier opinions in online reviews offer more helpful information.

Identifying helpful information from large-scale online reviews has become a core issue in studies on harnessing wisdom-of-crowds. We investigated whether online reviews expressing dissenting opinions (i.e.

On an effective and efficient method for exploiting the wisdom of the inner crowd.

Researchers have shown that even an individual can produce the wisdom of the crowds, called "the wisdom of the inner crowd." However, the previous methods leave room for improvements in terms of efficacy and response time. This paper proposes a more efficient method, which required a short time, based on findings from cognitive and social psychology.

More knowledge causes a focused attention deployment pattern leading to lower creative performances.

Previous studies demonstrate that people with less professional knowledge can achieve higher performance than those with more professional knowledge in creative activities. However, the factors related to this phenomenon remain unclear. Based on previous discussions in cognitive science, we hypothesised that people with different amounts of professional knowledge have varying attention deployment patterns, leading to different creative performances.

Cooperation patterns of members in networks during co-creation.

Cooperation (i.e., co-creation) has become the principal way of carrying out creative activities in modern society.

Influence of d-Amino Acids in Beer on Formation of Uric Acid.

Excessive intake of beer could increase serum uric acid levels, leading to high risk of gout, which was previously attributed to high purine content in beer. Recent reports that purine-rich vegetables and bean products do not cause higher uric acid levels do not support this theory. Why excessive intake of beer could increase a high risk of gout has been unclear.

Graphene and AuNPs based electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl.

An electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) was developed. In this work, the sulfydryl aptamer selected for OH-PCB was easily immobilized on the surface of the modified glassy carbon electrode via Au-S bond due to incorporation of gold nanoparticles/poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride-graphene composite. The fabrication process of the electrochemical aptasensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.

Colorimetric and visual determination of Au(III) ions using PEGylated gold nanoparticles.

A highly selective method is described for the colorimetric determination of Au(III) ions in acidic solution using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with thiolated methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG). The presence of Au(III) induces the aggregation of the PEG-AuNPs, and this is accompanied by a color change from wine red to blue, and a decrease in absorbance at 525 nm. This can be monitored spectrophotometrically and visually.

PH-Dependent Enantioselectivity of D-amino Acid Oxidase in Aqueous Solution.

D-amino acid oxidases (DAAO) are stereospecific enzymes which are generally almost inactive towards L-enantiomer in neutral solution when L-, D-amino acids are supplied as substrates. In this paper, the D-amino acid oxidase can catalytic oxidize L-amino acids by modulating pH of aqueous solution. With L-Pro as substrate, the catalytic rate (k ) and the affinity (K ) of DAAO were 6.

Antibody-Free Colorimetric Detection of Total Aflatoxins in Rice Based on a Simple Two-Step Chromogenic Reaction.

The prevalently used immunoassays for fast screening of aftatoxins (AFs) usually cannot meet the requirement for simultaneous determination of total AFs (aflatoxin B1 + aflatoxin B2 + aflatoxin G1 + aflatoxin G2) due to the deficiency of highly group-specific antibodies. This paper describes a two-step chromogenic reaction based method to quantitatively detect total AFs in rice using colorimetric measurement without antibody. In the method, colorless AFs transform into green-colored indophenol products through the reaction with sodium hydroxide and 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide (DBQC) successively, allowing selectively determining total AFs up to 3.