Oral intake of rice overexpressing ubiquitin ligase inhibitory pentapeptide prevents atrophy in denervated skeletal muscle.

We previously reported that intramuscular injections of ubiquitin ligase CBLB inhibitory pentapeptide (Cblin; Asp-Gly-pTyr-Met-Pro) restored lost muscle mass caused by sciatic denervation. Here, we detected Cblin on the basolateral side of Caco-2 cells after being placed on the apical side, and found that cytochalasin D, a tight junction opener, enhanced Cblin transport. Orally administered Cblin was found in rat plasma, indicating that intact Cblin was absorbed in vitro and in vivo.

Functional rice with tandemly repeated Cbl-b ubiquitin ligase inhibitory pentapeptide prevents denervation-induced muscle atrophy in vivo.

Ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) play a critical role in nonloading-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy: Cbl-b ubiquitinates insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), leading to its degradation and a resulting loss in muscle mass. We reported that intramuscular injection of a pentapeptide, DGpYMP, which acts as a mimic of the phosphorylation site in IRS-1, significantly inhibited denervation-induced skeletal muscle loss. In order to explore the possibility of the prevention of muscle atrophy by diet therapy, we examined the effects of oral administration of transgenic rice containing Cblin (Cbl-b inhibitor) peptide (DGYMP) on denervation-induced muscle mass loss in frogs.

Genetic manipulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt in rice: overexpression of truncated glutamate decarboxylase (GAD2) and knockdown of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) lead to sustained and high levels of GABA accumulation in rice kernels.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid commonly present in all organisms. Because cellular levels of GABA in plants are mainly regulated by synthesis (glutamate decarboxylase, GAD) and catabolism (GABA-transaminase, GABA-T), we attempted seed-specific manipulation of the GABA shunt to achieve stable GABA accumulation in rice. A truncated GAD2 sequence, one of five GAD genes, controlled by the glutelin (GluB-1) or rice embryo globulin promoters (REG) and GABA-T-based trigger sequences in RNA interference (RNAi) cassettes controlled by one of these promoters as well, was introduced into rice (cv.

Differential subcellular localization, enzymatic properties and expression patterns of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminases (GABA-Ts) in rice (Oryza sativa).

γ-Aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) catalyzes the conversion of GABA to succinic semialdehyde. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome possesses four putative GABA-T genes, which exhibit high amino acid identity (73-82%) but differ in length of the N-terminal region. Transient expression of GABA-T-green fluorescent fusion proteins in onion epidermal cells demonstrated that two of the four enzymes were targeted to mitochondria, a third to chloroplasts, and the fourth to cytosol.

DGA1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene) overexpression and leucine biosynthesis significantly increase lipid accumulation in the Deltasnf2 disruptant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We previously found that SNF2, a gene encoding a transcription factor forming part of the SWI/SNF (switching/sucrose non-fermenting) chromatin-remodelling complex, is involved in lipid accumulation, because the Deltasnf2 disruptant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a higher lipid content. The present study was conducted to identify other factors that might further increase lipid accumulation in the Deltasnf2 disruptant. First, expression of LEU2 (a gene encoding beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase), which was used to select transformed strains by complementation of the leucine axotroph, unexpectedly increased both growth and lipid accumulation, especially in the Deltasnf2 disruptant.

Isolation of Delta12 and omega3-fatty acid desaturase genes from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and their heterologous expression to produce linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Two clones with homology to known fatty acid desaturase genes were isolated from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The first gene, which we designate KlFAD2, consists of 411 amino acids with an overall identity of 73.0% to FAD2 from Saccharomyces kluyveri.