Squalene as a target molecule in skin hyperpigmentation caused by singlet oxygen.

Based on our previous finding (Biochem. Biophys. Res.

Increased levels of a particular phosphatidylcholine species in senescent human dermal fibroblasts in vitro.

Plasma membranes are essential components of living cells, and phospholipids are major components of cellular membranes. Here, we used liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to investigate changes in the membrane phospholipid content that occur in association with aging. Our results indicate that the levels of a particular species of phosphatidylcholine comprised of stearic acid and arachidonic acid increased with age.

Topical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives can prevent UV-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice.

Background: Plants are the source of important products with nutritional and therapeutic value. Topical or oral administration of some plant extracts has been shown to reduce photodamage. Cacao bean and cola nut are popular edible plants that contain polyphenols and xanthine derivatives.

Protective effects of an antioxidant derived from serine and vitamin B6 on skin photoaging in hairless mice.

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) accelerates skin aging, which is known as photoaging. Because cutaneous iron catalyzes ROS generation, sequestering iron by chelating agents is thought to be an effective approach toward preventing photoaging. Previously, N-(4-pyridoxylmethylene)-l-serine (PYSer) was designed as an antioxidant to suppress iron-catalyzed ROS generation by its iron-sequestering activity.

Ergocalciferol promotes in vivo differentiation of keratinocytes and reduces photodamage caused by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice.

Background: Ergocalciferol (VD(2)) is usually administered orally and it is metabolized to produce its biologically active metabolites in the liver and kidney. Active vitamin D is a well-known potent regulator of cell growth and differentiation.

Purpose: Active vitamin D such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) prevents photodamage, including wrinkles and morphologic alterations.

Active oxygen species generated from photoexcited fullerene (C60) as potential medicines: O2-* versus 1O2.

To characterize fullerenes (C(60) and C(70)) as photosensitizers in biological systems, the generation of active oxygen species, through energy transfer (singlet oxygen (1)O(2)) and electron transfer (reduced active oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion radical O(2)(-)* and hydroxyl radical *OH), was studied by a combination of methods, including biochemical (DNA-cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of active oxygen species), physicochemical (EPR radical trapping and near-infrared spectrometry), and chemical methods (nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method). Whereas (1)O(2) was generated effectively by photoexcited C(60) in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and benzonitrile, we found that O(2)(-)* and *OH were produced instead of (1)O(2) in polar solvents such as water, especially in the presence of a physiological concentration of reductants including NADH. The above results, together with those of a DNA cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of specific active oxygen species, indicate that the active oxygen species primarily responsible for photoinduced DNA cleavage by C(60) under physiological conditions are reduced species such as O(2)(-)* and *OH.

Repeated irradiation with suberythemal ultraviolet B reduces the number of epidermal Langerhans cells.

The influence of repeated low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, to which we are exposed in daily life, has not been fully clarified, although the damage caused by exposure to high-dose UVB radiation has been well-studied in recent years. To investigate skin damage caused by repeated low-dose exposure, we evaluated the extent of injury to the Langerhans cells which are known to be involved in the cutaneous immune system. The backs of hairless mice were exposed to the following doses of UVB radiation: 100 mJ/cm(2) once, 50 mJ/cm(2) twice, 25 mJ/cm(2) four times or 10 mJ/cm(2) ten times.

Production of singlet oxygen on irradiation of a photodynamic therapy agent, zinc-coproporphyrin III, with low host toxicity.

Zinc-coproporphyrin III (Zincphyrin) acts efficiently as a photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent in mice, while it shows no tumor cell-killing activity in vitro and has a high LD50 (low toxicity) in mice. It appears to have advantages over other porphyrins as a practical PDT reagent. In order to examine the action mechanism of Zincphyrin in PDT, we evaluated the photochemical characteristics of Zincphyrin by measurement of the near-infrared emission at 1268 nm, which provides direct evidence for formation of 1O2.