Glucose induced regulation of iron transporters implicates kidney iron accumulation.

Increased iron level is detected in rat kidney and human urine in diabetic condition and implicated in associated nephropathy. However, the biological cue and mechanism of the iron accumulation remain unclear. Here we reveal that glucose increases iron uptake by promoting transferrin receptor 1 (TFRC) in kidney cells by a translational mechanism but does not alter expression of endosomal iron transporter DMT1.

Sequential carotid Doppler study in acute stroke and its clinical correlation: A prospective study.

Objectives: Resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) assessed on carotid Doppler assess the hemodynamic status of cranial vasculature. They are related to the severity of stroke and help determine the overall outcome. This study was done to compare the hospital stay and stroke severity with RI and PI of both internal carotid arteries.

Lipopolysaccharide inhibits translation of iron chaperone PCBP1 to regulate inflammatory cytokine response in macrophage.

Macrophages play a key role in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis and immunity. During pro-inflammatory stage macrophages retain iron due to the decrease of the unique iron exporter ferroportin. Increased cellular iron is sequestered in to storage protein ferritin by iron chaperone poly(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1).

Cranial Autonomic Symptoms in Migraine: An Observational Study.

Objective: Our aim was to observe frequency of cranial autonomic symptoms (CAS) in migraineurs (primary) and its relation with laterality of headache or other factors, if any.

Background: Migraine episodes have headaches with or without aura, and sometimes associated with systemic autonomic nervous system symptoms. Primarily presence of cranial autonomic symptoms suggests diagnosis of TACs.

A Comparative Study of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Asymmetry Index in Stroke Patients with or without Poststroke Depression Using Tc-ECD Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography.

 Stroke is a major cause of death and disability around the globe. The development of depression following a stroke further increases the disability and impairs functional recovery. In recent decades, despite the advancement in structural and nuclear medicine imaging, the pathophysiologic basis of poststroke depression (PSD) is not well understood.

Autonomic Function Tests, Heart Rate Variability, and Electrophysiological Evaluation in Patients With a Primary Episodic Headache: An Observational Study.

Purpose: Cranial autonomic symptoms are typically associated with the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and also present in substantial cases of migraine. Autonomic nervous system dysfunctions are also been reported in headache disorders and postulated to promote headache attacks. This study was aimed to evaluate the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic functions tests in patients with a episodic primary headache and to investigate, if any, electrophysiological abnormalities in the blink reflex test and sympathetic skin response test in these patients.

Expanding the Clinical Spectrum of RFC1 Gene Mutations.

Biallelic intronic repeat expansion in the replication factor complex unit 1 (RFC1) gene has recently been described as a cause of late onset ataxia with degeneration of the cerebellum, sensory pathways and the vestibular apparatus. This condition is termed cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). Since the identification of this novel gene mutation, the phenotypic spectrum of RFC1 mutations continues to expand and includes not only CANVAS but also slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, ataxia with chronic cough (ACC), isolated sensory neuropathy and multisystemic diseases.

Mercury and Movement Disorders: The Toxic Legacy Continues.

Mercury (Hg) exists in the environment as inorganic (metallic Hg vapor, mercurous and mercuric salts) or organic (bonded to a structure containing carbon atoms) forms. Neurotoxic effect of Hg is known for years. While the organic form (methylmercury (meHg)) led to the Minamata incidence in Japan and "wonder-wheat" disaster in Iraq, the "mad hatters" and "Danbury shakes" were related to the inorganic elemental form (Hg vapor).

Optimizing the selection of Parkinson's disease patients for neuromodulation using the levodopa challenge test.

Background: In Parkinson's disease (PD), early stages are associated with a good long-duration response and as the disease advances, the short-duration response predominates. The transition between the long-duration and short-duration responses may be an important and measurable intermediate stage. A critical criterion in determining the candidature for neuromodulation is a beneficial response to an 'off-on' levodopa challenge test.

Muscle Tone Physiology and Abnormalities.

The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle spindle. Disorders of muscle tone can arise from dysfunction in these pathways and manifest as hypertonia or hypotonia. The loss of supraspinal control mechanisms gives rise to hypertonia, resulting in spasticity or rigidity.

Manganese and Movement Disorders: A Review.

Scientific and technological advances achieved with industrial expansion have led to an ever-increasing demand for heavy metals. This demand has, in turn, led to increased contamination of soil, water and air with these metals. Chronic exposure to metals may be detrimental not only to occupational workers but also to the nonoccupational population exposed to these metals.

Iron Chelation in Movement Disorders: Logical or Ironical.

Iron is probably as old as the universe itself and is essential for sustaining biological processes. The remarkable property of iron complexes to facilitate electron transfer makes it a significant component of redox reactions that drive the essential steps in nucleic acid biosynthesis and cellular functions. This, however, also generates potentially harmful hydroxyl radicals causing cell damage.

Clinical value of perilesional perfusion deficit measured by Technetium-99m-ECD single-photon emission computed tomography in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Pathological and experimental studies indicate the existence of a "penumbra" of progressive tissue damage and edema in regions immediately surrounding a hematoma in patients of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This zone of oligemia surrounding ICH has a potential for perfusion recovery. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of perilesional blood flow changes and brain injury after ICH may result in improved treatment strategies.

Diagnosing Muscular Dystrophies: Comparison of Techniques and Their Cost Effectiveness: A Multi-institutional Study.

 The diagnosis of muscular dystrophies involves clinical discretion substantiated by dystrophic changes on muscle biopsy. The different subtypes of muscular dystrophy can be diagnosed using techniques to identify the loss of protein or molecular alterations.  Clinically suspicious cases confirmed to have muscular dystrophy on muscle biopsy seen at two tertiary care centers in North India were enrolled for the study.

Managing autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a review of emerging drugs.

: Autonomic dysfunction is an integral part of Parkinson disease (PD) complex and can be seen both in early and advanced stages. There is a paucity of medicines available to manage autonomic dysfunction in PD and this adds to the considerable morbidity associated with the illness.: The pathophysiology and the available therapeutic options of autonomic dysfunction seen in PD are discussed in detail.

A DS Score to Predict the Risk of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in Acute Stroke: An Indian Perspective.

 Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is an important cause of poststroke morbidity and mortality. Several clinical risk scores predict the risk of SAP. In this study, we used the A DS score (age, atrial fibrillation, dysphagia, sex, and stroke severity) to assess the risk of SAP in patients admitted with acute stroke.

Molecular characterization of Indian pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and multigene phylogenetic analysis to establish inter- and intraspecific relationships.

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat (Triticum spp.

Mandating nerve biopsy: A step towards personalizing therapy in pure neuritic leprosy.

Pure neuritic leprosy (PNL) accounts for 5% to 10% of leprosy patients who usually present with asymmetrical neuropathy in the absence of lepra bacilli on slit-skin smears. However, nerve biopsies in PNL lack appropriate categorization in current immunologic terms. We aimed to classify nerve biopsies according to the immune spectrum of leprosy and assess the role of histologic classification of nerve biopsies in treating PNL.

Rapid detection of Puccinia triticina causing leaf rust of wheat by PCR and loop mediated isothermal amplification.

Leaf rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina has significant impact on wheat production worldwide. Effective and quick detection methodologies are required to mitigate yield loss and time constraints associated with monitoring and management of leaf rust of wheat. In the present study, detection of P.

Analysis of Clinical and Metabolic Profile of Acute Neuromuscular Weakness Related to Hypokalemia.

Objective: Acute neuromuscular weakness related to hypokalemia is a readily treatable disorder associated with diverse aetiologies. In this study we aim to report clinical pattern and biochemical features to identify the different aetiologies of the hypokalemic neuromuscular weakness.

Methods: Retrospective reviews of the medical record were analysed.

Whole Genome Sequencing of Provides Insight into the Role of Secretory Proteins and Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in Causing Bakanae Disease of Rice.

causing bakanae disease has emerged as one of the major pathogen of rice across the world. The study aims to comparative genomic analysis of isolates and identification of the secretary proteins of the fungus involved in rice pathogenesis. In the present study, isolate "F250" was sequenced with an assembly size of 42.

Dopa-responsive Dystonia in a Child Misdiagnosed as Cerebral Palsy.

Dopa-responsive dystonia also known as "Segawa's syndrome" was first described in 1976. The dystonia typically shows diurnal variations and is more marked toward the end of the day and improves in sleep. This entity is often misdiagnosed in the clinical setting, mostly due to the lack of awareness, and these patients are exposed to various treatment regimens and nonpharmacological measures.