Longitudinal Comparative Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA and Matched Tumor Tissue DNA in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Palliative First-Line Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare tumor tissue DNA (ttDNA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to explore the clinical applicability of ctDNA and to better understand clonal evolution in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer undergoing palliative first-line systemic therapy.

Materials And Methods: We performed targeted sequencing analysis of 88 cancer-associated genes using germline DNA, ctDNA at baseline (baseline-ctDNA), and ctDNA at progressive disease (PD-ctDNA). The results were compared with ttDNA data.

Gallbladder adenocarcinomas undergo subclonal diversification and selection from precancerous lesions to metastatic tumors.

We aimed to elucidate the evolutionary trajectories of gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBAC) using multi-regional and longitudinal tumor samples. Using whole-exome sequencing data, we constructed phylogenetic trees in each patient and analyzed mutational signatures. A total of 11 patients including 2 rapid autopsy cases were enrolled.

Amphiregulin can predict treatment resistance to palliative first-line cetuximab plus FOLFIRI chemotherapy in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer.

Amphiregulin (AREG) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of baseline plasma AREG levels in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) on treatment outcome with palliative first-line cetuximab + FOLFIRI chemotherapy. Chemotherapy outcomes were analyzed based on baseline plasma AREG levels.

Cetuximab resistance induced by hepatocyte growth factor is overcome by MET inhibition in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF wild-type colorectal cancers.

Purpose: Recent evidence has highlighted the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a putative biomarker to predict EGFR inhibitor resistance. This study investigated the impact of plasma HGF levels on EGFR inhibition and the counter effect of MET inhibition in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF (RAS/RAF) wild-type colorectal cancers (CRCs).

Methods: Plasma HGF levels were analyzed with clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) receiving palliative first-line chemotherapy.

Correlation between tumor infiltrating immune cells and peripheral regulatory T cell determined using methylation analyses and its prognostic significance in resected gastric cancer.

Peripheral regulatory T cells (pTregs) are a highly immunosuppressive fraction of CD4+ T cells. We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of pTregs in patients with gastric cancer and to determine the correlation between pTregs and immune cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment. pTregs status was determined by assessing the pTreg/total T-cell ratio (ratio of Foxp3 Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) to CD3G/CD3D demethylation, so-called Cellular Ratio of Immune Tolerance "ImmunoCRIT") using methylation analyses in 433 patients with gastric cancer who received curative surgery.

PI3K p110α Blockade Enhances Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Abemaciclib in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Targeting cell cycle regulation in colorectal cancer has not been fully evaluated. We investigated the efficacy of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, and confirmed a synergistic interaction for PI3K p110α and CDK dual inhibition in colorectal cancer cell lines. Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cell lines were selected to explore the mechanism of action for and resistance to abemaciclib.

PI3K-targeting strategy using alpelisib to enhance the antitumor effect of paclitaxel in human gastric cancer.

PIK3CA mutations are frequently observed in various human cancers including gastric cancer (GC). This study was conducted to investigate the anti-tumor effects of alpelisib, a PI3K p110α-specific inhibitor, using preclinical models of GC. In addition, the combined effects of alpelisib and paclitaxel on GC were evaluated.

Gomisin N from Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Induces a Brown Fat-Like Phenotype through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, in which excess fat is stored as triglycerides (TGs) in white adipocytes. Recent studies have explored the anti-obesity effects of certain edible phytochemicals, which suppress TG accumulation and stimulate a brown adipocyte-like phenotype in white adipocytes. Gomisin N (GN) is an important bioactive component of , a woody plant endemic to Asia.

Korean Red Ginseng and Korean black ginseng extracts, JP5 and BG1, prevent hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation induced by environmental heat stress.

Background: Continuous exposure to high temperatures can lead to heat stress. This stress response alters the expression of multiple genes and can contribute to the onset of various diseases. In particular, heat stress induces oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species.

Spirulina maxima extract prevents activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting ERK signaling.

The blue-green alga Spirulina maxima is a microscopic filamentous cyanobacterium. Spirulina was recently reported to elicit beneficial effects such as reducing cholesterol and inducing weight loss; however, its effects on inflammation are unknown. To determine the effect of S.

Afatinib Overcomes Pemetrexed-Acquired Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Harboring an EML4-ALK Rearrangement.

Background: The aim of this study is to elucidate the mechanisms of acquired resistance to pemetrexed in echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearranged non-small cell lung cancer.

Methods: We analyzed the sensitivity to pemetrexed and the expression patterns of various proteins after pemetrexed treatment in the cell lines, A549, NCI-H460, NCI-H2228 harboring EML4-ALK variant 3, and NCI-H3122 harboring EML4-ALK variant 1. Pemetrexed-resistant cell lines were also generated through long-term exposure to pemetrexed.

Korean ginseng extract ameliorates abnormal immune response through the regulation of inflammatory constituents in Sprague Dawley rat subjected to environmental heat stress.

Background: Increases in the average global temperature cause heat stress-induced disorders by disrupting homeostasis. Excessive heat stress triggers an imbalance in the immune system; thus protection against heat stress is important to maintain immune homeostasis. Korean ginseng ( Meyer) has been used as a herbal medicine and displays beneficial biological properties.

BGJ398, A Pan-FGFR Inhibitor, Overcomes Paclitaxel Resistance in Urothelial Carcinoma with FGFR1 Overexpression.

Paclitaxel (PTX) is commonly used to treat urothelial carcinoma (UC) after platinum-based chemotherapy has failed. However, single-agent taxane therapy is not sufficient to inhibit tumor progression and drug resistance in advanced UC. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by fibroblast growth factor receptor ()1 signaling has been proposed as a mechanism of PTX resistance, but it is unclear whether this can be overcome by inhibition.

Extract Reduces Obesity through Suppression of Adipogenesis and Activation of Browning in 3T3-L1 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity predisposes animals towards the metabolic syndrome and diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. is a microalga with anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective activities, but the anti-obesity effect of 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE) has not yet been fully established. We investigated the effect of SM70EE on adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and browning using in vitro and in vivo obesity models.

Ginsenoside Rg5 prevents apoptosis by modulating heme-oxygenase-1/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling and alters the expression of cognitive impairment-associated genes in thermal stress-exposed HT22 cells.

Our results suggested that thermal stress can lead to activation of hippocampal cell damage and reduction of memory-associated molecules in HT22 cells. These findings also provide a part of molecular rationale for the role of ginsenoside Rg5 as a potent cognitive impairment preventive compound in blocking the initiation of hippocampal damage.

Spirulina maxima extract prevents cell death through BDNF activation against amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Spirulina maxima is a blue-green micro alga that contains abundant amounts of proteins (60-70%), vitamins, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). It has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, and prevent diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it is unclear whether Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE), chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Single, 14-Day, and 13-Week Repeated Dose Toxicity Studies of Daily Oral Gelidium elegans Extract Administration to Rats.

extract (GEE) is derived from a red alga from the Asia-Pacific region, which has antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. However, detailed studies of the toxicology of GEE have not been performed. We evaluated the single oral dose toxicity of GEE in male and female Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats.

Extract Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes via Regulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt Signaling.

, a red alga native to the Asia Pacific region, contains biologically active polyphenols. We conducted a molecular biological study of the anti-diabetic effect of extract (GEE) in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Mice that had been administered GEE had significantly lower body mass, water consumption, and fasting blood glucose than db/db controls.

Spirulina maxima Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting GSK-3β Phosphorylation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-β 1-42 in Mice.

, a microalga containing high levels of protein and many polyphenols, including chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. However, the mechanisms where by ameliorates cognitive disorders induced by amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ) are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanol extract of (SM70EE) ameliorated cognitive impairments induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ in mice.

Anti-adipogenesis mechanism of pterostilbene through the activation of heme oxygenase-1 in 3T3-L1 cells.

Background: Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid and major compound and has diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. However, it has not been shown whether pterostilbene affects the mitotic clonal expansion during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.

Purpose: In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the detailed mechanism of pterostilbene on anti-adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.

Spirulina maxima Extract Prevents Neurotoxicity via Promoting Activation of BDNF/CREB Signaling Pathways in Neuronal Cells and Mice.

is a microalgae which contains flavonoids and other polyphenols. Although Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE) has diverse beneficial effects, its effects on neurotoxicity have not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of SM70EE against trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurotoxicity in HT-22 cells.

Crude Ecklonia cava Flake Extracts Attenuate Inflammation through the Regulation of TLR4 Signaling Pathway in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells.

We investigated the beneficial effects of the crude flake (CEF), which is a residual product after polyphenol extraction from , on inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A group of five different CEF extracts was obtained by a preparation process using water, hydrochloric acid or temperature.

Modulation of HO-1 by Ferulic Acid Attenuates Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells.

Ferulic acid (FA) is phenolic compound found in fruits. Many studies have reported that FA has diverse therapeutic effects against metabolic diseases. However, the mechanism by which FA modulates adipogenesis via the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) implicated in suppression of adipocyte differentiation is not fully understood.

Gelidium elegans Regulates the AMPK-PRDM16-UCP-1 Pathway and Has a Synergistic Effect with Orlistat on Obesity-Associated Features in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

The incidence of obesity is rising at an alarming rate throughout the world and is becoming a major public health concern with incalculable social and economic costs. (GENS), also previously known as , has been shown to exhibit anti-obesity effects. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which GENS is able to do this remains unclear.

Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses early stage of adipocyte development via activation of C/EBP homologous protein-10 in 3T3-L1 and attenuates fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish.

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 is a class of steroid glycoside and triterpene saponin in . Many studies suggest that Rg1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1. However, the detail molecular mechanism of Rg1 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 is still not fully understood.