CT-Defined Pectoralis Muscle Density Predicts 30-Day Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Nationwide Multicenter Study.

Rationale And Objectives: The prognostic role of computed tomography (CT)-defined skeletal muscle features in COVID-19 is still under investigation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic role of CT-defined skeletal muscle area and density in patients with COVID-19 in a multicenter setting.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study is a part of the German multicenter project RACOON (Radiological Cooperative Network of the COVID-19 pandemic).

The Treasure Trove Hidden in Plain Sight: The Utility of GPT-4 in Chest Radiograph Evaluation.

Background Limited statistical knowledge can slow critical engagement with and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) tools for radiologists. Large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's GPT-4, and notably its Advanced Data Analysis (ADA) extension, may improve the adoption of AI in radiology. Purpose To validate GPT-4 ADA outputs when autonomously conducting analyses of varying complexity on a multisource clinical dataset.

Revolution or risk?-Assessing the potential and challenges of GPT-4V in radiologic image interpretation.

Objectives: ChatGPT-4 Vision (GPT-4V) is a state-of-the-art multimodal large language model (LLM) that may be queried using images. We aimed to evaluate the tool's diagnostic performance when autonomously assessing clinical imaging studies.

Materials And Methods: A total of 206 imaging studies (i.

Reconstruction of patient-specific confounders in AI-based radiologic image interpretation using generative pretraining.

Reliably detecting potentially misleading patterns in automated diagnostic assistance systems, such as those powered by artificial intelligence (AI), is crucial for instilling user trust and ensuring reliability. Current techniques fall short in visualizing such confounding factors. We propose DiffChest, a self-conditioned diffusion model trained on 515,704 chest radiographs from 194,956 patients across the US and Europe.

Accelerating breast MRI acquisition with generative AI models.

Objectives: To investigate the use of the score-based diffusion model to accelerate breast MRI reconstruction.

Materials And Methods: We trained a score-based model on 9549 MRI examinations of the female breast and employed it to reconstruct undersampled MRI images with undersampling factors of 2, 5, and 20. Images were evaluated by two experienced radiologists who rated the images based on their overall quality and diagnostic value on an independent test set of 100 additional MRI examinations.

Intraindividual Comparison of Different Methods for Automated BPE Assessment at Breast MRI: A Call for Standardization.

Background The level of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at breast MRI provides predictive and prognostic information and can have diagnostic implications. However, there is a lack of standardization regarding BPE assessment. Purpose To investigate how well results of quantitative BPE assessment methods correlate among themselves and with assessments made by radiologists experienced in breast MRI.

Comparison of Complications in Patients with Ductal Cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) and Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases (CRLMs) After Portal Vein Embolization (PVE): A Matched Cohort Study.

Purpose: To compare complications in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) and patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) after portal vein embolization (PVE) and to identify possible predictive factors.

Material And Methods: Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients, who underwent PVE between July 2011 and March 2020. The study groups were matched for sex and age.

Dedicated Photon-Counting CT for Detection and Classification of Microcalcifications: An Intraindividual Comparison With Digital Breast Tomosynthesis.

Objectives: Clinical experience regarding the use of dedicated photon-counting breast CT (PC-BCT) for diagnosis of breast microcalcifications is scarce. This study systematically compares the detection and classification of breast microcalcifications using a dedicated breast photon-counting CT, especially designed for examining the breast, in comparison with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT).

Materials And Methods: This is a prospective intraindividual study on women with DBT screening-detected BI-RADS-4/-5 microcalcifications who underwent PC-BCT before biopsy.

Photon-Counting Versus Dual-Source CT for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Planning.

Background: Cardiovascular CT is required for planning transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Purpose: To compare image quality, suitability for TAVI planning, and radiation dose of photon-counting CT (PCCT) with that of dual-source CT (DSCT).

Material And Methods: Retrospective study on consecutive TAVI candidates with aortic valve stenosis who underwent contrast-enhanced aorto-ilio-femoral PCCT and/or DSCT between 01/2022 and 07/2023.

Two for One-Combined Morphologic and Quantitative Knee Joint MRI Using a Versatile Turbo Spin-Echo Platform.

Quantitative MRI techniques such as T2 and T1ρ mapping are beneficial in evaluating knee joint pathologies; however, long acquisition times limit their clinical adoption. MIXTURE (Multi-Interleaved X-prepared Turbo Spin-Echo with IntUitive RElaxometry) provides a versatile turbo spin-echo (TSE) platform for simultaneous morphologic and quantitative joint imaging. Two MIXTURE sequences were designed along clinical requirements: "MIX1", combining proton density (PD)-weighted fat-saturated (FS) images and T2 mapping (acquisition time: 4:59 min), and "MIX2", combining T1-weighted images and T1ρ mapping (6:38 min).

Diffusion probabilistic versus generative adversarial models to reduce contrast agent dose in breast MRI.

Background: To compare denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM) and generative adversarial networks (GAN) for recovering contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) subtraction images from virtual low-dose subtraction images.

Methods: Retrospective, ethically approved study. DDPM- and GAN-reconstructed single-slice subtraction images of 50 breasts with enhancing lesions were compared to original ones at three dose levels (25%, 10%, 5%) using quantitative measures and radiologic evaluations.

The virtual reference radiologist: comprehensive AI assistance for clinical image reading and interpretation.

Objectives: Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in radiology, but their ability to aid radiologists in interpreting imaging studies remains unexplored. We investigated the effects of a state-of-the-art LLM (GPT-4) on the radiologists' diagnostic workflow.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, six radiologists of different experience levels read 40 selected radiographic [n = 10], CT [n = 10], MRI [n = 10], and angiographic [n = 10] studies unassisted (session one) and assisted by GPT-4 (session two).

Abbreviated Breast MRI: State of the Art.

Abbreviated MRI is an umbrella term, defined as a focused MRI examination tailored to answer a single specific clinical question. For abbreviated breast MRI, this question is: "Is there evidence of breast cancer?" Abbreviated MRI of the breast makes maximum use of the fact that the kinetics of breast cancers and of benign tissue differ most in the very early postcontrast phase; therefore, abbreviated breast MRI focuses on this period. The different published approaches to abbreviated MRI include the following three subtypes: short protocols, consisting of a precontrast and either a single postcontrast acquisition (first postcontrast subtracted [FAST]) or a time-resolved series of postcontrast acquisitions with lower spatial resolution (ultrafast [UF]), obtained during the early postcontrast phase immediately after contrast agent injection; abridged protocols, consisting of FAST or UF acquisitions plus selected additional pulse sequences; and noncontrast protocols, where diffusion-weighted imaging replaces the contrast information.

Preserving fairness and diagnostic accuracy in private large-scale AI models for medical imaging.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) models are increasingly used in the medical domain. However, as medical data is highly sensitive, special precautions to ensure its protection are required. The gold standard for privacy preservation is the introduction of differential privacy (DP) to model training.

Evaluation of Pulmonary Nodules by Radiologists vs. Radiomics in Stand-Alone and Complementary CT and MRI.

Increased attention has been given to MRI in radiation-free screening for malignant nodules in recent years. Our objective was to compare the performance of human readers and radiomic feature analysis based on stand-alone and complementary CT and MRI imaging in classifying pulmonary nodules. This single-center study comprises patients with CT findings of pulmonary nodules who underwent additional lung MRI and whose nodules were classified as benign/malignant by resection.

Antimanic-like effect of dipyridamole in the methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion.

Background: Adenosinergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and drugs that affect adenosine neurotransmission have shown some efficacy as add-on therapy in manic patients.

Objective: Thus, the aim of the present study was to screen adenosinergic drugs for antimanic-like effect in methylphenidate (MPH)-induced hyperlocomotion in mice.

Methods: Male and female Swiss mice received a single allopurinol (50 and 200 mg/kg, ip), dipyridamole (20 mg/kg, ip), or inosine (50 mg/kg, ip) administration before an acute MPH challenge (5 mg/kg, sc).

Large language models streamline automated machine learning for clinical studies.

A knowledge gap persists between machine learning (ML) developers (e.g., data scientists) and practitioners (e.

Contrast-enhanced breast imaging: Current status and future challenges.

Background: Contrast-enhanced breast MRI and recently also contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) are available for breast imaging. The aim of the current overview is to explore existing evidence and ongoing challenges of contrast-enhanced breast imaging.

Methods: This narrative provides an introduction to the contrast-enhanced breast imaging modalities breast MRI and CEM.

[Current MR imaging of cartilage in the context of knee osteoarthritis (part 2) : Cartilage pathologies and their assessment].

High-quality magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is essential for the precise assessment of the knee joint and plays a key role in the diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Intact cartilage tissue is characterized by a smooth surface, uniform tissue thickness and an organized zonal structure, which are manifested as depth-dependent signal intensity variations. Cartilage pathologies are identifiable through alterations in signal intensity and morphology and should be communicated based on a precise terminology.

[Current MR imaging of cartilage in the context of knee osteoarthritis (part 1) : Principles and sequences].

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the clinical method of choice for cartilage imaging in the context of degenerative and nondegenerative joint diseases. The MRI-based definitions of osteoarthritis rely on the detection of osteophytes, cartilage pathologies, bone marrow edema and meniscal lesions but currently a scientific consensus is lacking. In the clinical routine proton density-weighted, fat-suppressed 2D turbo spin echo sequences with echo times of 30-40 ms are predominantly used, which are sufficiently sensitive and specific for the assessment of cartilage.