Artificial intelligence-based automated surgical workflow recognition in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection: an international multicenter study (with video).

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a crucial yet challenging multi-phase procedure for treating early gastrointestinal cancers. This study developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated surgical workflow recognition model for esophageal ESD and proposed an innovative training program based on esophageal ESD videos with or without AI labels to evaluate its effectiveness for trainees.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed complete ESD videos collected from seven hospitals worldwide between 2016 and 2024.