The Role of MicroRNA in the Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Viral Myocarditis.

Myocarditis is a non-ischemic condition with a heterogeneous etiology, clinical course and prognosis. The most common etiology of myocarditis are viral infections, whereas the most severe complications are acute and chronic heart failure and sudden cardiac death. The heterogeneous clinical course of the disease, as well as the availability and costs of diagnostic tools such as cardiac magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy, hinder the diagnosis of myocarditis and its underlying cause.

Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease-A Narrative Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Anemia is one of the most common chronic kidney disease (CKD) complications. It negatively affects patients' quality of life and clinical outcomes. The pathophysiology of anemia in CKD involves the interplay of various factors such as erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency, iron dysregulation, chronic inflammation, bone marrow dysfunction, and nutritional deficiencies.

Primary Electrical Heart Disease-Principles of Pathophysiology and Genetics.

Primary electrical heart diseases, often considered channelopathies, are inherited genetic abnormalities of cardiomyocyte electrical behavior carrying the risk of malignant arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Approximately 54% of sudden, unexpected deaths in individuals under the age of 35 do not exhibit signs of structural heart disease during autopsy, suggesting the potential significance of channelopathies in this group of age. Channelopathies constitute a highly heterogenous group comprising various diseases such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), short QT syndrome (SQTS), idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF), Brugada syndrome (BrS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and early repolarization syndromes (ERS).

Hepatorenal Syndrome-Novel Insights into Diagnostics and Treatment.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a disorder associated with cirrhosis and renal impairment, with portal hypertension as its major underlying cause. Moreover, HRS is the third most common cause of acute kidney injury, thus creating a major public health concern. This review summarizes the available information on the pathophysiological implications of HRS.