Publications by authors named "Krzysztof Adam Stepien"

Article Synopsis
  • The study investigates the quality of 30 dietary supplements, both legal and illegal, seized in Poland, highlighting the lack of mandatory testing and limited quality data, especially in Eastern Europe.
  • Through advanced testing methods, the researchers found 32 contaminants, including prohibited pharmacologically active substances, indicating intentional adulteration of the supplements.
  • The findings reveal serious health risks due to low-quality supplements and emphasize the need for strict legal regulations to ensure consumer safety.
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Dietary supplements are food products commonly used worldwide to obtain nutritional and physiological effects. They can contain a wide variety of active substances and can be administered for health and disease. Their use can be beneficial if justified, and their quality is adequate.

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Dietary supplements are widely consumed in the EU and the USA. Based on their similarity to pharmaceuticals, consumers mistakenly believe that dietary supplements have also been approved for safety and efficacy. However, in the absence of mandatory testing, data on supplement quality is scarce.

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Embedded three-dimensional printing (e-3DP) is an emerging method for additive manufacturing where semi-solid materials are extruded within a solidifying liquid matrix. Here, we present the first example of employing e-3DP in the pharmaceutical field and demonstrate the fabrication of bespoke chewable dosage forms with dual drug loading for potential use in pediatrics. Lego-like chewable bricks made of edible soft material (gelatin-based matrix) were produced by directly extruding novel printing patterns of model drug ink (embedded phase) into a liquid gelatin-based matrix (embedding phase) at an elevated temperature (70 °C) to then solidify at room temperature.

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