Timing of vitrectomy for treatment of endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection: a systematic literature review of case reports and series.

Objective: To perform a systematic literature review analyzing visual outcomes of immediate, early, and delayed vitrectomy in the treatment of acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections.

Methods: We conducted a literature search using the Ovid Medline, Embase.com, and Web of Science databases, and relevant articles were selected from original English papers published from 2005 to 2021.

Intravitreal Antibiotics versus Early Vitrectomy Plus Intravitreal Antibiotics for Postinjection Endophthalmitis: An IRIS® (Intelligent Research in Sight Registry) Analysis.

Purpose: To determine if intravitreal injection of antibiotics alone versus early pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) plus injection of intravitreal antibiotics predicted better or worse visual outcomes for patients with endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF injections.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: Patients developing endophthalmitis after receiving an intravitreal anti-VEGF injection from the American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS® (Intelligent Research in Sight) Registry between 2016 and 2020.

A 5-Year Retrospective Assessment of Clinical Presentation Associated With Sports Injury in Young People Presenting to a Tertiary Eye Center.

Purpose: To examine the incidence and initial presentation of sports-related ocular injury in youth.

Methods: This retrospective case series study was performed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts. Inclusion criteria were visit dates between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015, age 5 to 25 years, an ocular injury International Classifcation of Disease code, and a sports-related mechanism of injury.

The Use of Mobile Applications as Low-Vision Aids: A Pilot Study.

Objective: To determine the most commonly used and highest-rated mobile applications (apps) for low-vision aids.

Methods: This was a convenience sample survey. Patients known to use low-vision apps at a nonprofit low-vision center (INSIGHT, Warwick, RI) were contacted by phone between June and September 2019.

The Ocular Manifestations and Transmission of COVID-19: Recommendations for Prevention.

Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been linked to ocular signs and symptoms in several case reports. Research has demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is spread primarily through close contact via respiratory droplets, but there is the possibility for ocular transmission, with the conjunctiva as a conduit as well as a source of infection.

Discussion: Ocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 include follicular conjunctivitis, and have been repeatedly noted as an initial or subsequent symptom of COVID-19-positive patients.

Treatment regimens for administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of permanent blindness worldwide. The current mainstay of treatment for neovascular AMD (nAMD) is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents: aflibercept, ranibizumab, and off-label bevacizumab. Injections can be given monthly, every two or three months ('extended-fixed'), or as needed (pro re nata (PRN)).

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of uncorrectable severe vision loss in people aged 55 years and older in the developed world. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to AMD accounts for most cases of AMD-related severe vision loss. Intravitreous injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents aims to block the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye to prevent vision loss and, in some instances, to improve vision.

Cost and Selection of Ophthalmic Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs - ranibizumab, aflibercept, and off-label bevacizumab - are vital to the treatment of common retinal diseases, including exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), and macular edema (ME) associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Given the high prevalence of AMD and retinal vascular diseases, anti-VEGF agents represent a large cost burden to the United States (US) healthcare system. Although ranibizumab and aflibercept are 30-fold more expensive per injection than bevacizumab, the two more costly medications are commonly used in the US, even though all three have been shown to be effective and safe for treatment of these retinal diseases.

Intravitreal Bevacizumab Versus Ranibizumab for Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Findings from a Cochrane Systematic Review.

Topic: To summarize the relative effects of bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA) and ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, Inc.), using findings from a Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group systematic review.

Clinical Relevance: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) is the most common cause of uncorrectable vision loss among the elderly in developed countries.

Wyburn-Mason Syndrome Associated With Cutaneous Reactive Angiomatosis and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Retinal venous occlusive events are a rare complication of arteriovenous malformations of the retina found in Wyburn-Mason syndrome. The authors present a case of a 28-year-old man diagnosed with Wyburn-Mason syndrome and cutaneous reactive angiomatosis, a reactive angioproliferative disorder induced by vascular occlusion. He developed a central retinal vein occlusion complicated by macular edema and received treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab, which led to resolution of the edema.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of uncorrectable severe vision loss in people aged 55 years and older in the developed world. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to neovascular AMD accounts for most AMD-related severe vision loss. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, injected intravitreally, aim to block the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye to prevent vision loss and, in some instances, improve vision.

Antiangiogenic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor modalities for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of severe vision loss in people 55 years and older.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to investigate the effects of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) modalities for treating neovascular AMD.

Search Strategy: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS.

Reproducibility of macular thickness and volume using Zeiss optical coherence tomography in patients with diabetic macular edema.

Purpose: To evaluate optical coherence tomography (OCT) reproducibility in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

Design: Prospective 1-day observational study.

Participants: Two hundred twelve eyes of 107 patients with DME involving the macular center by clinical examination and OCT central subfield thickness of > or =225 microm.

Predictors of visual outcome and choroidal neovascular membrane formation after traumatic choroidal rupture.

Objective: To determine predictors of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and visual outcome after traumatic choroidal rupture.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients with traumatic choroidal rupture diagnosed in the Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, between January 1993 and August 2001 was performed. Parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were used to evaluate visual prognosis, CNV, and retinal detachment after traumatic choroidal rupture.

Prevention of experimental choroidal neovascularization with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody fragment.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal injections of an antigen-binding fragment of a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed toward vascular endothelial growth factor (rhuFab VEGF) in a monkey model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

Methods: In phase 1 of the study, each animal received intravitreal injections, 500 microg per eye, of rhuFab VEGF in one eye (prevention eye), while the contralateral eye received rhuFab VEGF vehicle (control eye) at 2-week intervals. On day 21, laser photocoagulation was performed to induce CNV.

The murine cone photoreceptor: a single cone type expresses both S and M opsins with retinal spatial patterning.

Mice express S and M opsins that form visual pigments for the detection of light and visual signaling in cones. Here, we show that S opsin transcription is higher than that of M opsin, which supports ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity greater than midwavelength sensitivity. Surprisingly, most cones coexpress both S and M opsins in a common cone cell type throughout the retina.

Evolution of a full-thickness macular hole.

Purpose: To illustrate succinctly the various stages of macular hole formation.

Method: We photodocumented the evolution of a full-thickness macular hole in a patient who refused surgery.

Results: A 60-year-old woman, who had had difficulty reading for 3 months, was initially examined with a stage 1B macular hole in her right eye that progressed to stage 2 over a 6-month period and then to stage 3, 2 years after initial examination.