Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) Used for the Identification of Nicomorphine Polymorphic Changes at the Early Stage to Avoid Varied Stability and Possible Side Effects.

In this paper, we present the identification of polymorphisms at an early stage, identified by applying non-standard methods such as SAXS. We provide an analytical approach to polymorphism in the quality/purity of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), supplied to a generic company by two different suppliers (i.e.

Simulation and Optimization of FAPbI Perovskite Solar Cells with a BaTiO Layer for Efficiency Enhancement.

Since the addition of BaTiO in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) provides a more energetically favorable transport route for electrons, resulting in more efficient charge separation and electron extraction, in this work we experimentally prepared such a PSC and used a modeling approach to point out which simulation parameters have an influence on PSC characteristics and how they can be improved. We added a layer of BaTiO onto the TiO electron transport layer and prepared a PSC, which had an FTO/TiO/BaTiO/FAPbI/spiro-OMeTAD/Au architecture with a power conversion efficiency () of 11%. Further, we used the simulation program SCAPS-1D to investigate and optimize the device parameters (thickness of the BaTiO and absorber layers, doping, and defect concentration) resulting in devices with s reaching up to 15%, and even up to 20% if we assume an ideal structure with no interlayer defects.

Surface Morphology of Textured Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Film Seen by Various Probes: Visible Light, X-rays, Electron Scattering and Contact Probe.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide thin films (SnO:F) are widely used as transparent conductive oxide electrodes in thin-film solar cells because of their appropriate electrical and optical properties. The surface morphology of these films influences their optical properties and therefore plays an important role in the overall efficiencies of the solar cells in which they are implemented. At rough surfaces light is diffusely scattered, extending the optical path of light inside the active layer of the solar cell, which in term improves light absorption and solar cell conversion efficiency.

Simulating the Performance of a Formamidinium Based Mixed Cation Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cell.

With the aim of decreasing the number of experiments to obtain a perovskite solar cell (PSC) with maximum theoretical efficiency, in this paper, PSC performance was studied using the program solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D). The PSC with the architecture ITO/TiO/perovskite/spiro-MeOTAD/Au was investigated, while the selected perovskite was mixed cation RbCsFAPbI. The analysis was based on an experimentally prepared solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of ~7%.

Novel, Simple and Low-Cost Preparation of Ba-Modified TiO Nanotubes for Diclofenac Degradation under UV/Vis Radiation.

A novel low-cost synthesis of barium-modified TiO nanotube (TNT) arrays was used to obtain an immobilized photocatalyst for degradation of diclofenac. TNT arrays were prepared by electrochemical anodization of titanium thin films deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass by magnetron sputtering, ensuring transparency and immobilization of the nanotubes. The Ba-modifications were obtained by annealing solutions of Ba(OH) spin coated on top of TNT.

Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Films with Polyvinylpyrrolidone Additive for Active Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells, Enhanced Stability and Electrical Conductivity.

In this paper, we studied the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilization additive on optical and electrical properties of perovskite formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) polycrystalline thin films on ZnO nanorods (ZNR). FAPI (as an active layer) was deposited from a single solution on ZNR (low temperature processed electron transport layer) using a one-step method with the inclusion of an anti-solvent. The role of PVP in the formation of the active layer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements to observe the effect on morphology, while X-ray diffraction was used as a method to study the stability of the film in an ambient environment.

Origin of Mangetotransport Properties in APCVD Deposited Tin Oxide Thin Films.

Transparent conducting oxides (TCO) with high electrical conductivity and at the same time high transparency in the visible spectrum are an important class of materials widely used in many devices requiring a transparent contact such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells and display screens. Since the improvement of electrical conductivity usually leads to degradation of optical transparency, a fine-tuning sample preparation process and a better understanding of the correlation between structural and transport properties is necessary for optimizing the properties of TCO for use in such devices. Here we report a structural and magnetotransport study of tin oxide (SnO), a well-known and commonly used TCO, prepared by a simple and relatively cheap Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition (APCVD) method in the form of thin films deposited on soda-lime glass substrates.

ZnO@TiO Core Shell Nanorod Arrays with Tailored Structural, Electrical, and Optical Properties for Photovoltaic Application.

ZnO has prominent electron transport and optical properties, beneficial for photovoltaic application, but its surface is prone to the formation of defects. To overcome this problem, we deposited nanostructured TiO thin film on ZnO nanorods to form a stable shell. ZnO nanorods synthesized by wet-chemistry are single crystals.

Comprehensive characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray scattering and diffraction.

The development of lipid nanoparticles requires knowledge on the crystalline structure, polymorphic transitions and lipid-drug interactions. This study aimed at introducing advanced techniques to characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) comprising palmitic acid, oleic acid, stabilizer and Domperidone. Crystallinity of single components and mixtures was investigated by laboratory Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS).

Tuning the Properties of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Films for Low-k Application by Gemini Surfactants.

Periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) thin films were synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly of 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane and an ionic Gemini 16-12-16 surfactant under acidic conditions. The films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, ellipsometric porosimetry, impedance measurements, and nanoindentation. The ease of control of the packing parameter in Gemini surfactants makes the PMO film templated by a Gemini an exciting first step towards small pore size PMO films with engineered mesostructures.

SAXS Studies of TiO₂ Nanoparticles in Polymer Electrolytes and in Nanostructured Films.

Polymer electrolytes as nanostructured materials are very attractive components for batteries and opto-electronic devices. (PEO)₈ZnCl₂ polymer electrolytes were prepared from PEO and ZnCl₂. The nanocomposites (PEO)₈ZnCl₂/TiO₂ themselves contained TiO₂ nanograins.

Measurement method for the refractive index of thick solid and liquid layers.

A simple method is proposed for the refractive index measurement of thick solid and liquid layers. In contrast to interferometric methods, no mirrors are used, and the experimental setup is undemanding and simple. The method is based on the variation of transmission caused by optical interference within the layer as a function of incidence angle.