The microbial damage and host response framework: lesson learned from pathogenic survival trajectories and immunoinflammatory responses of infection.

The adverse outcomes of fungal infection in mammalian hosts depend on the complex interactions between the host immune system and pathogen virulence-associated traits. The main clinical problems arise when the host response is either too weak to effectively eliminate the pathogen or overly aggressive, resulting in host tissue damage rather than protection. This article will highlight current knowledge regarding the virulence attributions and mechanisms involved in the dual-sided role of the host immune system in the immunopathogenesis of the thermally dimorphic fungus through the lens of the damage response framework (DRF) of microbial pathogenesis model.

Diagnostic Performances of an in-House Immunochromatography Test Based on the Monoclonal Antibody 18B7 to Glucuronoxylomannan for Clinical Suspected Cryptococcosis: a Large-Scale Prototype Evaluation in Northern Thailand.

Objective: Cryptococcosis predominantly presents as a meningoencephalitis in Thailand. Early and expeditious diagnosis is essential for reducing both mortality and morbidity associated with cryptococcal meningitis. We aim to define and establish the diagnostic performances between the benchmark commercially available diagnostic kit (CrAg® LFA) and the large-scale prototype of an inexpensive in-house immunochromatographic test (ICT) based on monoclonal antibody (MAb) 18B7.

Adaptation to an amoeba host drives selection of virulence-associated traits and genetic variation in saprotrophic .

Amoebae are micropredators that play an important role in controlling fungal populations in ecosystems. However, the interaction between fungi and their amoebic predators suggests that the pressure from predatory selection can significantly influence the development of fungal virulence and evolutionary processes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation of saprotrophic strains during their interactions with .

Antibacterial and antivirulence factor activities of protein hydrolysates from Phatthalung Sangyod rice ( L.) seeds against zoonotic and foodborne pathogens.

Background And Aim: Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging public health threat. Foodborne illnesses are typically caused by bacteria, such as , , , and , which are frequently resistant to common antimicrobial agents. Rice is a staple grain in most parts of the world.

Evaluation of the yeast phase-specific monoclonal antibody 4D1 and agglutinin sandwich ELISA to detect antigen in human urine.

() (TM) is an important, but neglected, thermally dimorphic fungus. It is the pathogenic cause of talaromycosis, which is strongly associated with the immunodeficiency state present in individuals with advanced HIV disease. The purpose of this study was to develop a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA) for the detection of .

Antifungal activity of protein hydrolysates from Thai Phatthalung Sangyod rice L.) seeds.

Background And Aim: Fungal zoonoses are an economic and public health concern because they can cause various degrees of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. To combat this issue, alternative natural antifungals, such as products derived from rice protein hydrolysates or rice antifungal protein/peptide are being considered because they are highly bioactive and exhibit various functional properties. Thailand is a leading rice producer and exporter.

Extracellular vesicles derived from contain immunogenic compounds and modulate THP-1 macrophage responses.

Pathogenic eukaryotes including fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are composed of a variety of bioactive components, including peptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and membrane lipids. EVs contain virulence-associated molecules suggesting a crucial role of these structures in disease pathogenesis. EVs derived from the pathogenic yeast phase of , a causative agent of systemic opportunistic mycoses "talaromycosis," were studied for their immunogenic components and immunomodulatory properties.

Differential lipase virulence in Malassezia furfur dimorphism isolated from pityriasis versicolor patients and healthy individuals.

Background: Malassezia furfur is a member of the human skin microbiomes that can cause various skin diseases. Dimorphism plays a role as the yeast phase predominates during skin colonisation whereas mycelial forms are observed in the scales of patients with pityriasis versicolor (PV). However, due to their condition-dependence for growth, it is difficult to culture M.

Expression of Cytokine Profiles in Human THP-1 Cells during Phase Transition of .

Talaromyces marneffei, a dimorphic fungus, exhibits temperature-dependent growth, existing in a filamentous form at 25 °C and as a yeast at 37 °C. Several studies have highlighted the important roles of macrophages in defense against T. marneffei infection.

Interaction of with free living soil amoeba as a model of fungal pathogenesis.

() is an important dimorphic mycosis endemic in Southeast Asia and Southern China, but the origin and maintenance of virulence traits in this organism remains obscure. Several pathogenic fungi, including , , , and spp. interact with free living soil amoebae and data suggests that fungal pathogenic strategies may emerge from environmental interactions of these fungi with ubiquitous phagocytic microorganisms.

Immunogenicity of snake α-neurotoxins and the CD4 T cell epitopes.

Snakebite envenomation is an important medical problem in numerous parts of the world causing about 2.7 million envenomations and between 81,000 and 138,000 deaths ayear. Antivenoms (AVs) are time proven effective therapeutics for snakebite envenomation.

Infection: Virulence, Intracellular Lifestyle and Host Defense Mechanisms.

Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) is an opportunistic mycosis caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus () . Similar to other major causes of systemic mycoses, the extent of disease and outcomes are the results of complex interactions between this opportunistic human pathogen and a host's immune response. This review will highlight the current knowledge regarding the dynamic interaction between and mammalian hosts, particularly highlighting important aspects of virulence factors, intracellular lifestyle and the mechanisms of immune defense as well as the strategies of the pathogen for manipulating and evading host immune cells.

Fungal Keratitis in Northern Thailand: Spectrum of Agents, Risk Factors and Putative Virulence Factors.

Fungal keratitis (FK) is a serious ocular infection that can result in various degrees of vision loss, including blindness. The aim of the study was to identify and retrospectively review all FK cases diagnosed between August 2012 and December 2020 at a tertiary care hospital in northern Thailand with a specific focus on epidemiologic features, including season, patient sex and age, the spectrum of pathogens, and presence of certain putative virulence factors. Of 1237 patients with corneal ulcers, 294 (23.

An inexpensive point-of-care immunochromatographic test for Talaromyces marneffei infection based on the yeast phase specific monoclonal antibody 4D1 and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin.

Talaromyces marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes opportunistic systemic mycoses in patients with AIDS or other immunodeficiency syndromes. The purpose of this study was to develop an immunochromatographic strip test (ICT) based on a solid phase sandwich format immunoassay for the detection of T. marneffei antigens in clinical urine specimens.

A Novel, Inexpensive In-House Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Cryptococcosis Based on the Cryptococcal Glucuronoxylomannan Specific Monoclonal Antibody 18B7.

The aim of this study was to develop a novel lateral flow immunochromatoghaphic strip test (ICT) for detecting cryptococcal polysaccharide capsular antigens using only a single specific monoclonal antibody, mAb 18B7. The mAb 18B7 is a well characterized antibody that specifically binds repeating epitopes displayed on the cryptococcal polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). We validated the immunoreactivities of mAb 18B7 against capsular antigens of different cryptococcal serotypes.

Characterization of a novel yeast phase-specific antigen expressed during in vitro thermal phase transition of Talaromyces marneffei.

Talaromyces marneffei is a dimorphic fungus that has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen particularly in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Since its dimorphism has been associated with its virulence, the transition from mold to yeast-like cells might be important for fungal pathogenesis, including its survival inside of phagocytic host cells. We investigated the expression of yeast antigen of T.

An in vitro α-neurotoxin-nAChR binding assay correlates with lethality and in vivo neutralization of a large number of elapid neurotoxic snake venoms from four continents.

The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for use in place of in vivo assays of snake venom lethality and antivenom neutralizing potency. A novel in vitro assay has been developed based on the binding of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and the ability of antivenoms to prevent this binding. The assay gave high correlation in previous studies with the in vivo murine lethality tests (Median Lethal Dose, LD50), and the neutralization of lethality assays (Median Effective Dose, ED50) by antisera against Naja kaouthia, Naja naja and Bungarus candidus venoms.

A pan-specific antiserum produced by a novel immunization strategy shows a high spectrum of neutralization against neurotoxic snake venoms.

Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease of high mortality and morbidity largely due to insufficient supply of effective and affordable antivenoms. Snake antivenoms are mostly effective against the venoms used in their production. It is thus crucial that effective and affordable antivenom(s) with wide para-specificity, capable of neutralizing the venoms of a large number of snakes, be produced.

Diagnostic laboratory immunology for talaromycosis (penicilliosis): review from the bench-top techniques to the point-of-care testing.

The pathogenic fungus Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that can cause disseminated infection in patients with secondary immunodeficiency syndrome, in particular in the setting of advanced HIV infection. The areas of highest incidence are in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Indian subcontinents. Talaromycosis (formerly penicilliosis) is identified as an AIDS-defining illness, and it has recently been recognized in non-HIV-associated patients with impaired cellular-mediated immunity.

Production of melanin pigments in saprophytic fungi in vitro and during infection.

Melanins are one of the great natural pigments produced by a wide variety of fungal species that promote fitness and cell survival in diverse hostile environments, including during mammalian infection. In this study, we sought to demonstrate the production of melanin in the conidia and hyphae of saprophytic fungi, including dematiaceous and hyaline fungi. We showed that a melanin-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) avidly labeled the cell walls of hyphae and conidia, consistent with the presence of melanin in these structures, in 14 diverse fungal species.

An in vitro potency assay using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding works well with antivenoms against Bungarus candidus and Naja naja.

In order to facilitate/expedite the production of effective and affordable snake antivenoms, a novel in vitro potency assay was previously developed. The assay is based on an antiserum's ability to bind to postsynaptic neurotoxin (PSNT) and thereby inhibit the PSNT binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The assay was shown to work well with antiserum against Thai Naja kaouthia which produces predominantly the lethal PSNTs.

Development and characterization of an immunochromatographic test for the rapid diagnosis of Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei.

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that can cause opportunistic systemic mycoses in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It has also been reported among patients with other causes of immunodeficiency, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, cancer, organ transplanted patients receiving immunosuppressive drug and adult onset immunodeficiency syndromes. Recent studies indicate that the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and treatment strategies of talaromycosis (penicilliosis) marneffei are different between patients with and without HIV infection.

A novel in vitro potency assay of antisera against Thai Naja kaouthia based on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding.

Snake envenomation is an important medical problem. One of the hurdles in antivenom development is the in vivo assay of antivenom potency which is expensive, gives variable results and kills many animals. We report a novel in vitro assay involving the specific binding of the postsynaptic neurotoxins (PSNTs) of elapid snakes with purified Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR).

Talaromyces marneffei laccase modifies THP-1 macrophage responses.

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with HIV infection, particularly in Southeast Asia and southern China. The rapid uptake and killing of T. marneffei conidia by phagocytic cells along with the effective induction of an inflammatory response by the host is essential for disease control.