Associations between advertisement-supported media exposure and dietary quality among preschool-age children.

Foods of low nutritional quality are heavily marketed to children, and exposure to food ads shapes children's preferences and intake towards advertised foods. Whether food ad exposure independently relates to an overall lower diet quality among children remains unclear. We examined the association between ad-supported media use, a proxy for food ad exposure, and diet quality using the baseline data (2014-2015) from 535 3-5-year-olds in a community-based cohort study.

Third Trimester Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Birth Outcomes and Linear Growth of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in the United States.

Background: Vitamin D status in pregnancy may influence the risk of prematurity, birth size, and child postnatal growth, but few studies have examined the relationship among pregnant women living with HIV.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 257 HIV-infected mothers and their HIV-exposed uninfected infants who were enrolled in the 2009-2011 nutrition substudy of the Surveillance Monitoring for ART Toxicities (SMARTT) study. HIV-infected pregnant women had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) assessed in the third trimester of pregnancy, and their infants' growth and neurodevelopment were evaluated at birth and approximately 1 year of age.

Sialic acid levels in breast milk from HIV-positive Tanzanian women and impact of maternal diet.

Objective: To quantify total sialic acid in milk from HIV-positive Tanzanian mothers and to determine the impact of maternal diet on milk sialic acid levels.

Design: Milk samples were analyzed from 74 HIV-positive, Tanzanian women enrolled in a randomized, controlled clinical study of a dietary macronutrient supplement. Women were provided with a daily protein-calorie supplement and a micronutrient supplement or micronutrient supplement only during the last trimester of pregnancy and up to the first 6 months of breastfeeding.

Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Insecurity Among HIV-infected Children in Tanzania.

Background: Poor nutrition has been associated with impaired immunity and accelerated disease progression in HIV-infected children. The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of nutrient intake in HIV-infected children and compare these to standard recommendations.

Methods: We surveyed HIV-infected Tanzanian children enrolled in a pediatric care program that provided routine nutritional counseling and vitamin supplementation.

Development of a nutrient-dense food supplement for HIV-infected women in rural Kenya using qualitative and quantitative research methods.

Objective: Formative research to facilitate the development, packaging and delivery of a culturally acceptable nutrition intervention for HIV-infected women in rural Kenya for an intervention trial.

Design: Focus group discussion on three areas: (i) ingredients and form of the nutrition intervention, (ii) packaging and delivery and (iii) monitoring of adherence. Two single-blind taste tests with eleven different porridge formulations of various combinations of maize flour, soyabeans, peanuts, sorghum, mung beans, dried fish, raisins and dried whole milk.

Parental efficacy and child behavior in a community sample of children with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Most studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) youth have obtained data from the perspective of either children or parents, but not both simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to examine child and parent perspectives on parenting in a large community-based sample of children with and without ADHD. We identified children in grades 4-6 and their parents through surveys administered to a random sample of public schools.

Perceived intrinsic barriers to physical activity among rural mothers.

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the influence of perceived intrinsic barriers to physical activity among mothers living in rural areas.

Methods: Mothers were identified through a study of child-parent dyads in the predominantly rural states of New Hampshire and Vermont. Using a telephone interview, we asked mothers (n = 1691) about their level of physical activity and assessed eight potential barriers to physical activity.

Nutrition issues in the HIV-infected injection drug user: findings from the nutrition for healthy living cohort.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to highlight disparities between injection drug users (IDUs) and those who had never been IDUs from the Nutrition for Healthy Living (NFHL) cohort. Although IDUs were enrolled in the cohort throughout its duration, few analyses have sought to highlight findings specific to them.

Methods: NFHL, a prospective, longitudinal cohort conducted from 1995-2005, included 881 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -infected men and women over the age of 18.

Ready-to-use therapeutic food for prevention of childhood undernutrition.

Undernutrition is a major contributor to child mortality and total global disease burden. Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is recommended by the World Health Organization for community-based management of uncomplicated forms of severe acute malnutrition. New research has evaluated the role of RUTF for the prevention of childhood undernutrition.

Effect of a dietary intervention and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of serum lipid and insulin sensitivity in persons with HIV.

Background: Elevated serum triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations have been reported in persons with HIV.

Objective: The effect of a dietary intervention plus n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid supplementation on serum triglycerides and markers of insulin sensitivity was investigated.

Design: Fifty-four persons with HIV and elevated serum triglycerides (>150 mg/dL) and/or abnormal Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index values (<0.

Metabolic syndrome and serum fatty acid patterns in serum phospholipids in hypertriglyceridemic persons with human immunodeficiency virus.

Background: HIV infection and its treatment are associated with abnormal lipid profiles. High triglyceride concentrations and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations are the most common health abnormalities and raise concerns about an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Objective: We compared the fatty acid patterns of serum phospholipids between persons with HIV and non-HIV controls to determine whether there are differences that explain the elevated triglyceride concentrations, insulin resistance, and inflammation that are part of the metabolic syndrome in patients with HIV.

Dietary patterns and health and nutrition outcomes in men living with HIV infection.

Background: Nutritional status is an important determinant of HIV outcomes.

Objective: We assessed the association between dietary patterns identified by cluster analysis and change in body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), CD4 count, and viral load (VL).

Design: HIV-positive adult male subjects (n = 348) with a BMI >or= 20.

Dietary supplement use and nutrient intake in HIV-infected persons.

Dietary supplement use was assessed in 368 HIV-infected patients enrolled in the Nutrition for Healthy Living cohort. The objective was to describe the dietary, demographic, and health characteristics of the HIV-infected persons who use different types of dietary supplements. Each patient was categorized in 1 of 4 dietary supplement groups.

Micronutrient levels and HIV disease status in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Nutrition for Healthy Living cohort.

Background: Low serum micronutrient levels were common before widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and were associated with adverse outcomes. Few data are available on micronutrient levels in subjects taking HAART.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of low serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, zinc, and selenium in HIV-infected subjects taking HAART and to assess the association of micronutrient levels with HIV disease status.

Obesity in HIV-infection: dietary correlates.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of obesity among a cohort of individuals living with HIV infection, and to determine differences in dietary intake among those subjects who are normal weight, overweight, and obese.

Design: A cross-sectional study among participants enrolled in the Nutrition for Healthy Living (NFHL) study.

Setting: Eligible participants included HIV-positive adults living in the greater Boston, MA and Providence, RI, areas.

Dietary glycemic index of human immunodeficiency virus-positive men with and without fat deposition.

This study focused on dietary glycemic index because insulin resistance can be important in the pathogenesis of fat deposition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We evaluated differences in past dietary glycemic intake between men with HIV who developed fat deposition and those who did not. This was a nested case-control study consisting of 37 cases and 37 controls from the Nutrition for Healthy Living cohort.

Dietary intake in HIV-positive persons with and without malabsorption.

This review examines the relationship among malabsorption, diarrhea, dietary intake, and body composition in an outpatient cohort of individuals with HIV infection. Twenty-three percent of the participants had malabsorption, which was not associated with the presence of current or chronic diarrhea. In this "outpatient" HIV cohort with a mean body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2, the presence of malabsorption did not have adverse nutritional outcomes in terms of body weight, lean body mass, hemoglobin, or albumin.

The role of nutrition in fat deposition and fat atrophy in patients with HIV.

HIV-associated body shape changes and metabolic abnormalities, called HIV-associated lipodystrophy, are being seen with increased frequency. These issues may be associated with an increased risk of other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, or with poor adherence to antiretroviral medications. Diet may be useful in the prevention and treatment of lipodystrophy and is a cost-effective and non-toxic intervention.

High-fiber diet in HIV-positive men is associated with lower risk of developing fat deposition.

Background: Lipodystrophy has been described with increasing frequency in patients infected with HIV. This study focused on the identification of dietary components that may predispose HIV-positive patients to the development of fat deposition.

Objective: We evaluated differences in past dietary intake between men with HIV who developed fat deposition and those who did not.