Antibiotic oral provocation challenge in children.

Aim: The main objective of this study was to see how many of the children, with a suspected antibiotic allergy, developed an allergic or adverse reaction to a drug provocation test.

Methods: Data on children that had undergone a drug provocation test for a suspected antibiotic allergy were compiled retrospectively for the period from 2007-2018. The median age at the first provocation was 2.

Acute necrotic hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis related to COVID-19: a report of 2 cases.

Acute necrotic hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (ANHLE) is a subform of acute disseminating leukoencephalitis which is a post viral or vaccination uncommon disease with poor prognosis. Radiological findings include multiple or diffuse lesions involving the white matter and sparing the cortex with or without rim enhancement. In addition to areas of hemorrhages with possible involvement of basal ganglia and thalami.

Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland.

Background: Little is known about the nature and durability of the humoral immune response to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods: We measured antibodies in serum samples from 30,576 persons in Iceland, using six assays (including two pan-immunoglobulin [pan-Ig] assays), and we determined that the appropriate measure of seropositivity was a positive result with both pan-Ig assays. We tested 2102 samples collected from 1237 persons up to 4 months after diagnosis by a quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) assay.

Harm Experienced from the Heavy Drinking of Family and Friends in the General Population: A Comparative Study of Six Northern European Countries.

Background: Epidemiological research on alcohol-related harm has long given priority to studies on harm to the drinker. A limitation with this perspective is that it neglects the harm drinking causes to people around the drinker, and thus, it fails to give a full picture of alcohol-related harm in society.

Aim: The aim was to compare the prevalence and correlates of experiencing harm from the heavy drinking by family and friends across the Nordic countries and Scotland and to discuss whether potential differences match levels of drinking, prevalence of binge drinking, and alcohol-related mortality.

The variance shared across forms of childhood trauma is strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders.

Introduction: Forms of childhood trauma tend to co-occur and are associated with increased risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders. Commonly used binary measures of trauma exposure have substantial limitations.

Methods: We performed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), separately by sex, using data from the Childhood Trauma (CT) Study's sample of twins and siblings (N = 2594) to derive three first-order factors (childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and parental partner abuse) and, as hypothesized, one higher order, childhood trauma factor (CTF) representing a measure of their common variance.

Experienced Harm from Other People's Drinking: A Comparison of Northern European Countries.

Objective: This study addresses how experienced harm from other people's drinking varies between six Northern European countries by comparing 1) the prevalence of experienced harm and 2) the correlates of harm.

Method: The data comprise 18-69-year olds who participated in general population surveys in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland during the period 2008-2013. Comparative data were available on five types of harm: physical abuse, damage of clothes/belongings, verbal abuse, being afraid, and being kept awake at night.

Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial.

Background And Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) primarily affects infants and young children. Although topical corticosteroids (TCSs) are often prescribed, noncorticosteroid treatments are needed because compliance with TCSs is poor due to concerns about their side effects. In this longest and largest intervention study ever conducted in infants with mild-to-moderate AD, pimecrolimus 1% cream (PIM) was compared with TCSs.

Neural correlates of inhibitory control and functional genetic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene.

Background: The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been implicated in psychiatric disorders in which deficits of self-regulation are a prominent feature (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders) and in dopamine D4 receptor insensitivity within prefrontal regions of the brain.

Frailty indicators and functional status in older patients after colorectal cancer surgery.

Objectives: The number of older survivors from colorectal cancer is increasing, but little is known regarding long-term consequences of cancer treatment in this patient group. Physical function is an important outcome for older patients, affecting both autonomy and quality of life. We aimed to investigate physical function in older patients with colorectal cancer before and after surgery, and to examine the role of individual frailty indicators as predictors of functional decline.

Alcohol stigma and persistence of alcohol and other psychiatric disorders: a modified labeling theory approach.

Background: We sought to apply modified labeling theory in a cross-sectional study of alcohol use disorder (AUD) to investigate the mechanisms through which perceived alcohol stigma (PAS) may lead to the persistence of AUD and risk of psychiatric disorder.

Methods: We conducted structural equation modeling (SEM) including moderated mediation analyses of two waves (W1 and W2) of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. We analyzed validated measures of PAS, perceived social support, social network involvement, and psychiatric disorders among (n=3608) adults with two or more DSM-5 AUD symptoms in the first two of the three years between the W1 and W2 survey.

Common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor side effects in older adults associated with genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter and receptors: data from a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Antidepressant side effects are a significant public health issue, associated with poor adherence, premature treatment discontinuation, and, rarely, significant harm. Older adults assume the largest and most serious burden of medication side effects. We investigated the association between antidepressant side effects and genetic variation in the serotonin system in anxious, older adults participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram.

Perceived alcohol stigma: factor structure and construct validation.

Introduction: There has been an increasing interest in studying the stigma of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) yet scant research has evaluated the conceptualization and measurement of alcohol stigma. This study examined the measurement properties (i.e.

Marijuana expectancies and relationships with adolescent and adult marijuana use.

Background: Outcome expectancy is a central construct in models of addiction and relapse. Much expectancy research has been conducted in the context of alcohol; however, less is known about the structure of expectancies for marijuana and their associations with marijuana use outcomes.

Methods: The data are taken from waves 3 and 4 of a longitudinal high-risk study of parents and adolescent offspring.

Lyin' eyes: ocular-motor measures of reading reveal deception.

Our goal was to evaluate an alternative to current methods for detecting deception in security screening contexts. We evaluated a new cognitive-based test of deception that measured participants' ocular-motor responses (pupil responses and reading behaviors) while they read and responded to statements on a computerized questionnaire. In Experiment 1, participants from a university community were randomly assigned to either a "guilty" group that committed one of two mock crimes or an "innocent" group that only learned about the crime.

Genetic influences on developmental smoking trajectories.

Aims: To investigate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors on smoking trajectory membership and to test whether individual smoking trajectories represent phenotypical thresholds of increasing genetic risk along a common genetic liability dimension.

Design: Prospective study of a birth cohort of female like-sex twin pairs.

Setting: Participants completed diagnostic interview surveys four times from adolescence (average age 16) to young adulthood (average age 25).

Functional neuroimaging study in identical twin pairs discordant for regular cigarette smoking.

Despite the tremendous public health and financial burden of cigarette smoking, relatively little is understood about brain mechanisms that subserve smoking behavior. This study investigated the effect of lifetime regular smoking on brain processing in a reward guessing task using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a co-twin control study design in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs that maximally controls for genetic and family background factors. Young adult (24-34 years) MZ female twin pairs (n = 15 pairs), discordant for regular smoking defined using Centers for Disease Control criteria as having smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime, were recruited from an ongoing genetic epidemiological longitudinal study of substance use and psychopathology.

The relationship between rs3779084 in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene and alcohol consumption is mediated by drinking motives in regular smokers.

Background: Motivational models of alcohol use propose that the motivation to consume alcohol is the final common pathway to its use. Both alcohol consumption and drinking motives are influenced by latent genetic factors that partially overlap. This study investigated whether drinking motives mediate the associations between alcohol consumption and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes involved in serotonin (TPH2; rs1386496) and dopamine synthesis (DDC; rs3779084).

Does variance in drinking motives explain the genetic overlap between personality and alcohol use disorder symptoms? A twin study of young women.

Background: Genetic risk for alcohol dependence has been shown to overlap with genetic factors contributing to variation in dimensions of personality. Although drinking motives have been posited as important mediators of the alcohol-personality relation, the extent to which the genetic covariance between alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms (i.e.

[Acute bronchiolitis: diagnosis and management].

Acute bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower respiratory tract. The infection is frequent among young children and is most commonly caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. The infection causes inflammation and narrowing of the bronchioles which leads to obstructive breathing and respiratory difficulties.

Smoking outcome expectancies in young adult female smokers: individual differences and associations with nicotine dependence in a genetically informative sample.

Outcome expectancy is a central construct in models of addiction. Several outcome expectancies associated with smoking cigarettes have been identified, and studies suggest that individual differences in smoking expectancies are related to important aspects of tobacco use, including levels of smoking, nicotine dependence and smoking cessation. In the present study, we used a novel analytic method, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), to quantify smoking expectancies from a subset of items adapted from the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ; Brandon and Baker, 1991) and SCQ-Adult (Copeland et al.

Hidden state dynamics in laser Doppler vibrometery measurements of the carotid pulse under resting conditions.

A laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is used to sense movements of the skin overlying the carotid artery. Fluctuations in carotid artery diameter due to variations in the underlying blood pressure are sensed at the surface of the skin. Portions of the LDV signal corresponding to single heartbeats, called the LDV pulses, are extracted.

Drinking motives in female smokers: factor structure, alcohol dependence, and genetic influences.

Background: Alcohol and tobacco use often co-occur. Human and animal studies indicate that nicotine increases alcohol's rewarding effects and the motivation to consume it. The aims of this study were to examine whether the factorial architecture of self-reported motivations to consume alcohol differed between regular and nonregular cigarette smokers while taking into account the lifetime history of alcohol dependence and psychopathology, and to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the motivations.

[Discontinuation of prophylactic drugs to the elderly].

Polypharmacy is common among the elderly and consequences may be adverse drug reactions, interactions and toxicity. At the same time it is well documented that elderly patients are suboptimally treated for conditions such as atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis. When assessing medical treatment one must take into account the remaining life expectancy, time to effect, complication risk related to not treating, risks related to adverse drug effects and interactions, patient preferences and treatment goals.