A multilevel analysis of racial discipline disproportionality: A focus on student perceptions of academic engagement and disciplinary environment.

Excessive use of exclusionary school discipline with Black students is a persistent, systemic problem in U.S. schools with potential to affect students' perceptions of their school.

Reducing Behavior Problems Among Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Coaching Teachers in a Mixed-Reality Setting.

Most approaches aiming to reduce behavior problems among youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) focus on individual students; however, school personnel also need professional development to better support students. This study targeted teachers' skill development to promote positive outcomes for students with ASD. The sample included 19 teachers in two non-public special education settings serving students with moderate to severe ASD.

Comparing land surface phenology derived from satellite and GPS network microwave remote sensing.

The land surface phenology (LSP) start of season (SOS) metric signals the seasonal onset of vegetation activity, including canopy growth and associated increases in land-atmosphere water, energy and carbon (CO2) exchanges influencing weather and climate variability. The vegetation optical depth (VOD) parameter determined from satellite passive microwave remote sensing provides for global LSP monitoring that is sensitive to changes in vegetation canopy water content and biomass, and insensitive to atmosphere and solar illumination constraints. Direct field measures of canopy water content and biomass changes desired for LSP validation are generally lacking due to the prohibitive costs of maintaining regional monitoring networks.

Long-term comparisons between two-way satellite and geodetic time transfer systems.

Global Positioning System (GPS) observations recorded in the United States and Europe were used to evaluate time transfer capabilities of GETT (geodetic time transfer). Timing estimates were compared with two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) systems. A comparison of calibrated links at the U.

Absolute calibration of a geodetic time transfer system.

An absolute calibration technique is developed for geodetic Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. An uncertainty budget for the system (receiver, cables, connectors, antenna) is evaluated, yielding 1.1 ns at each frequency, and 1.

Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the Denali fault earthquake.

The 3 November 2002 moment magnitude 7.9 Denali fault earthquake generated large, permanent surface displacements in Alaska and large-amplitude surface waves throughout western North America. We find good agreement between strong ground-motion records integrated to displacement and 1-hertz Global Positioning System (GPS) position estimates collected approximately 140 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter.

Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow.

Ice flow at a location in the equilibrium zone of the west-central Greenland Ice Sheet accelerates above the midwinter average rate during periods of summer melting. The near coincidence of the ice acceleration with the duration of surface melting, followed by deceleration after the melting ceases, indicates that glacial sliding is enhanced by rapid migration of surface meltwater to the ice-bedrock interface. Interannual variations in the ice acceleration are correlated with variations in the intensity of the surface melting, with larger increases accompanying higher amounts of summer melting.