Analytical sample preparation strategies for the determination of antimalarial drugs in human whole blood, plasma and urine.

Antimalarial drugs commonly referred to as antimalarials, include a variety of compounds with different physicochemical properties. There is a lack of information on antimalarial distribution in the body over time after administration, e.g.

Abiotic degradation of antibiotic ionophores.

Hydrolytic and photolytic degradation were investigated for the ionophore antibiotics lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin. The hydrolysis study was carried out by dissolving the ionophores in solutions of pH 4, 7, and 9, followed by incubation at three temperatures of 6, 22, and 28 °C for maximum 34 days. Using LC-MS/MS for chemical analysis, lasalocid was not found to hydrolyse in any of the tested environments.

Pollution pathways of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment on the island of Mallorca, Spain.

This work determines the principal environmental pollution pathways of pharmaceuticals on the island of Mallorca (Spain). The evaluation was made on the basis of the quantification of pharmaceutical residues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in several environmental water samples, including wastewater-treatment plant effluents, municipal solid waste landfill leachates, groundwater (GW), and marine water. An overall set of 19 pharmaceuticals has been identified in the environment of the 27 human pharmaceuticals investigated in this study.

Development of an analytical methodology for the determination of the antiparasitic drug toltrazuril and its two metabolites in surface water, soil and animal manure.

This paper presents the development, optimization and validation of a LC-MS/MS methodology to determine the antiparasitic veterinary drug toltrazuril and its two main metabolites, toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone, in environmental surface water, soil and animal manure. Using solid phase extraction and selective pressurized liquid extraction with integrated clean-up, the analytical method allows for the determination of these compounds down to 0.06-0.

Biotic transformation of anticoccidials in soil using a lab-scale bio-reactor as a precursor-tool.

Two anticoccidial agents, salinomycin and robenidine, heavily used in the worldwide veterinary meat production, were investigated for their potential biotic degradation by cultured soil bacteria. The degradation-study was performed in lab-scale bio-reactors under aerobic and anaerobic conditions incubated for 200 h with a mixed culture of soil bacteria. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and potential transformation products were tentatively identified.

Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study.

The veterinary parasiticide ivermectin was selected as a case study compound within the project ERAPharm (Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals). Based on experimental data generated within ERAPharm and additional literature data, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) was performed mainly according to international and European guidelines. For the environmental compartments surface water, sediment, and dung, a risk was indicated at all levels of the tiered assessment approach.

Multiresidue method for the determination of 32 human and veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil and sediment by pressurized-liquid extraction and LC-MS/MS.

An analytical chemical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 32 different pharmaceuticals in soils and sediments. The pharmaceuticals cover a varity of different compound groups. Soil samples were extracted with different solvents with the help of pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) followed by clean-up using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure.

Increased pollution-induced bacterial community tolerance to sulfadiazine in soil hotspots amended with artificial root exudates.

Sulfadiazine (SDZ) residues constitute an important pollutant in soils that may increase environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. Our primary aim was to compare the development of pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) to SDZ concentration levels in bulk soil and nutrient amended soil hotspots. Agricultural soil microcosms were amended with different concentrations of SDZ with or without weekly additions of artificial root exudates corresponding to realistic rhizodeposition rates.

Analysis of the dissipation kinetics of ivermectin at different temperatures and in four different soils.

The study target was to assess the usefulness of the OECD test guideline 307 for the veterinary pharmaceutical ivermectin. Laboratory microcosm studies were conducted to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic transformation of ivermectin in soils from three locations in Europe (York, Madrid and Tåstrup) and an artificial soil. The reason to include an artificial soil in the study was to understand the exposure potential of ivermectin in a parallel eco-toxicological study with non-target organisms in this soil for a longer duration.

Fate and antibacterial potency of anticoccidial drugs and their main abiotic degradation products.

The antibacterial potency of eight anticoccidial drugs was tested in a soil bacteria bioassay (pour plate method), EC(50)-values between 2.4 and 19.6 microM were obtained; however, one compound, nicarbazin exhibited an EC(50)-value above the maximum tested concentration (21 microM, 9.

Analysis of alcohol ethoxylates and alkylamine ethoxylates in agricultural soils using pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Nonionic surfactants e.g. alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs) and alkylamine ethoxylates (ANEOs) are commonly utilised as adjuvants in pesticide formulations to enhance their effectiveness.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determine alcohol ethoxylates and alkylamine ethoxylates in soil interstitial water, ground water and surface water samples.

Alcohol ethoxylates (AEs) and alkylamine ethoxylates (AMEs) are used as adjuvants in pesticide formulations. Analytical procedures for these compounds in environmental aqueous samples using LC-MS are presented. Sample preparation uses solid-phase extraction with Porapak Rdx cartridges.