Point of care ultrasound measurement of paralumbar caudal vena cava diameter and caudal vena cava to aortic ratio in hypovolemic dogs.

Background: Accurate assessment of intravascular volume is critical for precise fluid prescription. In people, bedside or point of care ultrasound is used to measure the inferior vena cava, with or without paired aortic measurement, to estimate intravascular volume.

Objective: To determine if point of care ultrasound measurement of the caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter or the CVC diameter to the abdominal aorta (Ao) diameter (CVC:Ao) at the paralumbar view are associated with changes in intravascular volume, mean arterial pressure (MAP), or cardiac output in normovolemic and hypovolemic dogs.

Point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitoring device shows promise for informing resuscitation strategies in a canine hemorrhagic shock model.

Objective: To use a point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation monitoring device (VCM-Vet; Entegrion) and traditional tests to assess hemostatic changes during hemorrhagic shock in dogs.

Methods: 8 healthy, purpose-bred Beagles were enrolled in a hemorrhagic shock model conducted from September through December 2021. Dogs were anesthetized, had baseline hemostatic variables measured after blood pressure was stabilized at 70 to 80 mm Hg for 10 minutes (T1), had blood withdrawn from a jugular vein to achieve a mean blood pressure of 40 ± 5 mm Hg for 10 minutes (T2), were resuscitated with 100% shed blood, and then had hemostatic variables evaluated 10 minutes later (T3).

The use of a novel nitric oxide wound dressing in acute traumatic wounds in dogs.

Objective: To describe the use of a novel wound dressing that delivers nitric oxide (NO) to naturally occurring traumatic wounds in dogs.

Animals: 24 client-owned dogs with 30 wounds.

Methods: Dogs were presented with acute traumatic wounds requiring open wound management.

Smaller-gauge catheters and greater body weights are associated with increased risk of peripheral intravenous catheter complications in cats hospitalized in the critical care unit.

Objective: To identify risk factors associated with peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) complications in cats hospitalized in the critical care unit (CCU).

Animals: 120 cats admitted to the CCU between October 2022 and September 2023.

Methods: This prospective, observational study was performed at a single veterinary teaching hospital.

Plasma Concentrations of Oral Ondansetron in Hospitalized Dogs Exhibiting Clinical Signs of Nausea.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma ondansetron (OND) concentrations in a population of dogs with naturally occurring nausea after oral OND administration. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to receive one of the following doses of oral OND: 0.5 mg/kg q8h, 0.

The Edwards Acumen IQ system using peripheral arterial catheter-based waveforms to estimate cardiac output is not accurate as compared to thermodilution in dogs.

Objective: To assess the agreement between cardiac output (CO) estimated via evaluation of the arterial pressure waveform by a novel monitoring system (Edwards Acumen IQ sensor and HemoSphere Advanced Monitor Platform [HS-IQ]; Edwards LifeSciences) and measured by thermodilution (TD) in anesthetized, normovolemic, and hypovolemic dogs. To assess the agreement between the HS-IQ CO measurements in the radial artery and dorsal metatarsal artery.

Animals: 8 purpose-bred Beagles.

Sidestream dark field imaging and biomarker evaluation reveal minimal significant changes to the microcirculation and glycocalyx in a canine hemorrhagic shock model.

Objective: To investigate the effects of hemorrhagic shock and fresh whole blood resuscitation on the microcirculation and endothelial glycocalyx using sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging and plasma biomarkers.

Animals: 8 purpose-bred dogs.

Methods: Pressure-targeted hemorrhagic shock was induced in anesthetized dogs.

Length of hospitalization, APPLE score, and number of intravenous catheters placed at admission are associated with increased odds of peripheral intravenous catheter complications in dogs.

Objective: To identify risk factors associated with peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) complications in dogs hospitalized in the critical care unit (CCU).

Animals: 107 dogs admitted to the CCU between October 2022 and March 2023.

Methods: This prospective, observational clinical trial was performed at a single veterinary teaching hospital.

Setting the optimal positive end-expiratory pressure: a narrative review.

The primary goals of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) are to restore functional residual capacity through recruitment and prevention of alveolar collapse. Through these mechanisms, PEEP improves arterial oxygenation and may reduce the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Because of the many potential negative effects associated with the use of PEEP, much research has concentrated on determining the optimal PEEP setting.

Shock index is positively correlated with acute blood loss and negatively correlated with cardiac output in a canine hemorrhagic shock model.

Objective: To determine whether shock index (SI) positively correlates with percentage blood loss and negatively correlates with cardiac output (CO) in a canine hemorrhagic shock model and whether SI and metabolic markers may be used as end point targets for resuscitation.

Animals: 8 healthy Beagles.

Procedures: Between September and December 2021, dogs underwent general anesthesia for experimental induction of hypotensive shock, with the total volume of blood removed, CO, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, base excess, blood pH, and concentrations of hemoglobin, lactate, ionized calcium recorded, and SI calculated at 4 time points (TPs): after anesthetic induction when the dog had been stable for 10 minutes (TP1), 10 minutes after the mean arterial pressure stabilized to a target of 40 mm Hg following jugular removal of up to 60% blood volume to induce hemorrhagic shock (TP2), 10 minutes after autotransfusion of 50% of the removed blood (TP3), and 10 minutes after autotransfusion of the remaining 50% of the removed blood (TP4).

Fewer peripheral intravenous catheter complications in hospitalized dogs when force-activated separation devices are used versus not used in a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Objective: To determine whether the use of a force-activated separation device (FASD) lowers the incidence risk of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) complications in hospitalized dogs.

Animals: 367 dogs that were hospitalized and received IV fluids between January 11 and March 25, 2021.

Procedures: A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial was performed.

Pharmacokinetics and anti-nausea effects of intravenous ondansetron in hospitalized dogs exhibiting clinical signs of nausea.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV) ondansetron in a population of hospitalized dogs exhibiting clinical signs of nausea. The causes of nausea included pancreatitis, gastroenteritis, endocarditis, chemotherapy-induced nausea, diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis, acute kidney injury with aspiration pneumonia, pyometra, uroabdomen, neoplasia, and hepatopathy. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to one of the following IV ondansetron protocols: 1 mg/kg q12h, 0.

Severe hyperferremia and hyperferritinemia in a dog with precursor-directed immune-mediated anemia.

A 4-year-old dog was evaluated at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for lethargy and hyporexia of 24 hours duration. On presentation, she had a marked normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia (HCT 14%; RI 40-55). Her serum iron concentration (1651 μg/dL; RI 73-245) and serum ferritin concentration (1337 ng/mL; RI 89-489) were markedly elevated.

Retroperitoneal abscess and splenitis with Clostridium spp. in a dog.

An 11-year-old spayed female Basset Hound was presented to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a 7-week history of intermittent collapse, waxing and waning lethargy, and hyporexia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 6-mm hypoechoic splenic nodule that, on cytologic evaluation, revealed marked neutrophilic inflammation with intracellular and extracellular bacterial rods frequently producing oval subterminal to terminal endospores, suggestive of Clostridium. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) performed on bacteria isolated from this nodule initially identified a Clostridium species, which was eventually confirmed with 16 s rDNA sequencing.

Premature death in dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen and splenectomy with benign histopathologic findings.

Objective: To determine whether premature death occurred among dogs with nonmalignant splenic histopathologic findings after splenectomy for nontraumatic hemoabdomen.

Animals: 197 dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen that underwent splenectomy and histopathologic evaluation between 2005 and 2018.

Procedures: Information was obtained from electronic medical records, dog owners, and referring veterinarians to determine patient characteristics, histopathologic findings, survival information, and cause of death.

Diagnostic value of the ultrasonographic description of a splenic mass or nodule as cavitated in 106 dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic value of the ultrasonographic description of a splenic mass or nodule as cavitated in dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen.

Animals: 106 dogs with a nontraumatic hemoabdomen that underwent abdominal ultrasonography and splenectomy with histologic examination of splenic lesions between 2005 and 2018.

Procedures: Medical records were reviewed for abdominal ultrasonographic and histologic findings.

Development of a tension pneumomediastinum during mechanical ventilation of a young Irish Wolfhound.

Objective: To report the development of a tension pneumomediastinum during mechanical ventilation of a young Irish Wolfhound with aspiration pneumonia.

Case Summary: A 9-month-old intact female Irish Wolfhound was presented for clinical signs consistent with aspiration pneumonia. Evaluation of her pedigree and clinical signs prompted suspicion of Irish Wolfhound rhinitis bronchopneumonia syndrome as a contributing factor.

Retrospective evaluation of the induction of emesis with apomorphine as treatment for gastric foreign bodies in dogs (2010-2014): 61 cases.

Objective: To determine the success rate and complications associated with inducing emesis in dogs that have ingested foreign material.

Design: Retrospective case series, 2010-2014.

Setting: Private practice and referral center.

Antivenin-associated serum sickness in a dog.

Objective: To describe a case of documented serum sickness in a dog following administration of a single dose of a novel antivenin crotalidae polyvalent.

Case Summary: A 4-year-old female neutered mixed breed dog developed recurrent signs of hypersensitivity (swelling, edema, urticaria/hives, gastrointestinal signs, vasculitis) at 1 and 2 weeks following administration of a single unit of a novel antivenin crotalidae polyvalent plasma product. Both episodes were treated with antihistamines and glucocorticoids and signs improved rapidly, with a prolonged course of glucocorticoids and antihistamines administered following the second occurrence.

Retrospective evaluation of paired plasma creatinine and chloride concentrations following hetastarch administration in anesthetized dogs (2002-2015): 244 cases.

Objective: To evaluate changes in serum creatinine and chloride concentrations in anesthetized dogs that received 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 670/0.7.

Design: Retrospective case series, 2002-2015.

Reference intervals for coagulation variables in healthy adult domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus).

Background: Coagulation has not been studied extensively in adult goats, and reference intervals (RIs) for coagulation variables have not yet been established and would be clinically useful.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to establish coagulation variable RIs in adult goats for future coagulation interpretation.

Methods: Blood samples from 40 healthy adult goats were collected, and assays for PT, APTT, D-dimers, antithrombin III, and fibrinogen were performed.