The ABCs of Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities.

Vitamins and minerals are part of a well-balanced diet. They are essential for normal growth and development, which is especially crucial for the pediatric population. Vitamins are divided based on their solubility into fat-soluble vitamins, which include vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins, which include the B vitamins and vitamin C.

Change in Prevalence of Family History During Long-term Follow-up of Patients With Pediatric-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to prospectively study changes in prevalence of positive family history (FH+) in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in contrast to previously published cross-sectional data.

Methods: An observational cohort study was performed using a prospective pediatric-onset IBD database including 485 patients with disease duration ≥10 years as of December 2016. Proband characteristics and FH+ were obtained at diagnosis and subsequently from the database, medical records, and follow-up telephone interviews in 2006 and 2016.

Wilson's Disease: A Review for the General Pediatrician.

Wilson's disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to a mutation of the ATP7B gene resulting in impaired hepatic copper excretion and copper accumulation in various tissues. It is associated with the classic triad of cirrhosis, neurological manifestations, and the ocular finding of Kayser-Fleischer rings; however, the clinical presentation can vary greatly from incidental findings of abnormal liver enzymes to acute liver failure necessitating liver transplant. Pediatric patients may present with subtle findings including asymptomatic hepatomegaly, transaminitis, changes in behavior, movement disorders, or school failure.

Effects of Chromium on Glucose Tolerance in Infants Receiving Parenteral Nutrition Therapy.

Objectives: Early hyperglycemia is prevalent in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) therapy. Chromium improves glucose tolerance by potentiating the action of insulin. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementing PN with chromium would improve glucose tolerance and PN calorie delivery in infants during the first week of life.

Pediatric Liver Transplantation: An Update for the Pediatrician.

Pediatric liver transplantation is a state-of-the-art treatment for children with end-stage liver disease. Over the past few decades, the advent of new surgical techniques using split liver grafts and living donors has drastically increased the organ availability for pediatric patients, while advances in immunosuppression have improved overall outcomes. The pediatrician is a key player in the multidisciplinary team that cares for these children starting with the timely referral of children who require liver transplantation to the active participation in optimizing the child's overall health before and after transplantation.