Discovery of disease-adapted bacterial lineages in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Gut bacteria are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the strains driving these associations are unknown. Large-scale studies of microbiome evolution could reveal the imprint of disease on gut bacteria, thus pinpointing the strains and genes that may underlie inflammation. Here, we use stool metagenomes of thousands of IBD patients and healthy controls to reconstruct 140,000 strain genotypes, revealing hundreds of lineages enriched in IBD.

Beyond the Gut: The Epidemiology of Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) are chronic immune-mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that are associated with many extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs). EIMs can affect nearly any organ system and are associated with impaired quality of life. This issue of The Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology includes a cross-sectional study of EIMs within the GETAID cohort, one of the largest to date reporting on the prevalence, risk factors, and predictors of remission for EIMs.

Periodontal disease is not associated with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: Results from two prospective cohort studies in the US.

Aim: To examine the relationship between periodontal disease and tooth loss and risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 86,602 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1992-2016) and 50,349 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) with available data on periodontal disease and tooth loss. Cases of IBD were initially reported by participants and then confirmed by medical record review.

Characterization of single- and multi-energy CT performance of an oral dark borosilicate contrast media using a clinical photon-counting-detector CT platform.

Background: The feasibility of oral dark contrast media is under exploration in abdominal computed tomography (CT) applications. One of the experimental contrast media in this class is dark borosilicate contrast media (DBCM), which has a CT attenuation lower than that of intra-abdominal fat.

Purpose: To evaluate the performances of DBCM using single- and multi-energy CT imaging on a clinical photon-counting-detector CT (PCD-CT).

Lifestyle factors for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.

Objective: To estimate the proportion of cases of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) that could be prevented by modifiable lifestyle factors.

Design: In a prospective cohort study of US adults from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n=72 290), NHSII (n=93 909) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; n=41 871), we created modifiable risk scores (MRS; 0-6) for CD and UC based on established lifestyle risk factors, and healthy lifestyle scores (HLS; 0-9) derived from American healthy lifestyle recommendations. We calculated the population attributable risk by comparing the incidence of CD and UC between low-risk (CD-MRS≤1, UC-MRS≤2, HLS≥7) and high-risk groups.

Lung Cancer Screening Using Clinical Photon-Counting Detector Computed Tomography and Energy-Integrating-Detector Computed Tomography: A Prospective Patient Study.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic quality of photon-counting detector (PCD) computed tomography (CT) in patients undergoing lung cancer screening compared with conventional energy-integrating detector (EID) CT in a prospective multireader study.

Materials: Patients undergoing lung cancer screening with conventional EID-CT were prospectively enrolled and scanned on a PCD-CT system using similar automatic exposure control settings and reconstruction kernels. Three thoracic radiologists blinded to CT system compared PCD-CT and EID-CT images and scored examinations using a 5-point Likert comparison score (-2 [left image is worse] to +2 [left image is better]) for artifacts, sharpness, image noise, diagnostic image quality, emphysema visualization, and lung nodule evaluation focusing on the border.

Endogenous Levels of Circulating Androgens Are Not Associated with Risk of Microscopic Colitis.

Background: Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that most commonly affects post-menopausal women. Exogenous hormone use has recently been linked with increased risk of microscopic colitis. Yet, it is unclear whether levels of endogenous sex hormones are also associated with risk of microscopic colitis.

Lifestyle, behaviour, and environmental modification for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: an International Organization for Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases consensus.

Environmental and lifestyle factors play an important role in the natural history of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A group of international experts from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases voted on a series of consensus statements to inform the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The recommendations include avoiding traditional cigarette smoking in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, screening for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychosocial stressors at diagnosis and during flares (with referral to mental health professionals when appropriate), and encouraging regular physical activity as tolerated.

Smoking Behaviour Changes After Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of All-cause Mortality.

Background And Aims: We examined smoking behaviour changes after diagnoses of Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC] and evaluated their impact on mortality.

Methods: Study population included incident CD or UC cases from three cohorts of the Nurses' Health Study [NHS], NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Smoking and other risk factors were prospectively assessed.

Risk Factors for Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease According to Disease Phenotype.

Background & Aims: We examined whether relationships between known risk factors for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) differ according to disease phenotype, defined by Montreal classification, at the time of diagnosis.

Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study of 208,070 adults from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). Dietary, lifestyle, and medical data were obtained at baseline and every 2-4 years.

Alcohol consumption and risk of inflammatory bowel disease among three prospective US cohorts.

Background And Aims: There are limited data on alcohol dose and types and risk of Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). We therefore sought to comprehensively examine the association between alcohol consumption and risk of CD and UC.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 237,835 participants from the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study II, and Health Professional Follow-Up Study.

Plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in women: A nested case control analysis in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts.

Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic compounds used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications. An association between PFAS exposure and risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been reported in a highly exposed population. However, data are limited on risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) among individuals with background population levels of PFAS exposure.

Alcohol Consumption is Associated With An Increased Risk of Microscopic Colitis: Results From 2 Prospective US Cohort Studies.

Background: No dietary factors have yet been shown to conclusively impact the incidence of microscopic colitis (MC). Here, we sought to examine the relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of MC.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 209,902 participants (age range, 28.

Ultra-processed Foods and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background & Aims: The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in regions undergoing Westernization has coincided with the increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption over the past few decades. We aimed to examine the association between consumption of UPFs and the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study of 3 nationwide cohorts of health professionals in the United States-the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014), the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012).

Dietary Gluten Intake Is Not Associated With Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in US Adults Without Celiac Disease.

Background & Aims: Diet is thought to play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), though it is unknown whether gluten intake confers risk of IBD. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gluten intake and risk of incident Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study of 208,280 US participants from the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2016), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) who did not have IBD at baseline or celiac disease, and who completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires.

Immune-mediated diseases and risk of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Although immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are known to cluster, to what extent this is due to common environmental influences is unknown.

Aim: To examine the incidence of IBD in individuals with another IMD.

Methods: We used data from the prospective Nurses' Health Study II cohort (1995-2017) to examine the effect of diagnoses of several common IMDs on subsequent risk of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for detailed diet and lifestyle confounders.

Immunosuppressive Therapy and Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Background: The effect of immunosuppressive treatment for immune-mediated diseases on risk of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been established. We aimed to define the effect of targeted biologic and immunomodulator therapy on risk of COVID-19 in a multi-institutional cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods: We identified patients 18 years and older who received care for IBD at Partners Healthcare between January 2019 and April 2020.