Using emulated clinical trials to investigate the risk of being diagnosed with psychiatric ill health following the cancer diagnosis of a sibling.

Background: The sibling bond is often the longest relationship in an individual's life, spanning both good and bad times. Focusing on the latter, we investigated whether a cancer diagnosis in one adult sibling is predictive of psychiatric illness in the other, and if any such effect differs according the 'sociodemographic closeness' between the siblings in terms of sex, age, education, marital status and residence.

Methods: We used hospital records to identify psychiatric diagnoses (2005-2019) in a Swedish total-population cohort born in 1953, and cancer diagnoses (2005-2017) in their full siblings.

Parental and family determinants of the Flynn effect.

Research about the Flynn effect, the secular rise in IQ, is heavily based on conscript data from successive male birth cohorts. This inevitably means that two distinct phenomena are mixed: fertility differences by IQ group ('compositional Flynn effect'), and any difference between parents and children ('within-family Flynn effect'). Both will influence trends in cognitive ability.

Psychosocial School Conditions and Mental Wellbeing Among Mid-adolescents: Findings From the 2017/18 Swedish HBSC Study.

To investigate mid-adolescent boys' and girls' experiences of school demands, teacher support, and classmate support, and explore the associations of these factors with mental wellbeing. Data were derived from the Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study of 2017/18, with information collected among 1,418 students in grade 9 (∼15-16 years). School demands, teacher support, and classmate support were measured by indices based on three items each.

The Work Environment during Coronavirus Epidemics and Pandemics: A Systematic Review of Studies Using Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed-Methods Designs.

We aimed to provide an overview of how work environment and occupational health are affected, and describe interventions designed to improve the work environment during epidemics and pandemics. The guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed. The databases Cinahl, Medline, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched for population: working population; exposure: coronavirus epidemic or pandemic; and outcome: work environment, in articles published until October 2020.

Workplace violence and health in human service industries: a systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies.

Objectives: To provide systematically evaluated evidence of prospective associations between exposure to physical, psychological and gender-based violence and health among healthcare, social care and education workers.

Methods: The guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for human service workers; workplace violence; and prospective or longitudinal in articles published 1990-August 2019.

Stress resilience in young men mediates the effect of childhood trauma on their offspring's birth weight - An analysis of 250,000 families.

Experiencing the death of a parent during childhood is a severe trauma that seems to affect the next generation's birth weight. We studied the consequences of parental loss during childhood for men's psychological and physiological characteristics at age 18, and whether these were important for their first-born offspring's birth outcomes. We used a structured life-course approach and four-way decomposition analysis to analyse data for 250,427 three-generation families retrieved from nationwide Swedish registers and found that psychological resilience was impaired and body mass index was higher in men who had experienced parental death.

Does social and professional establishment at age 30 mediate the association between school connectedness and family climate at age 16 and mental health symptoms at age 43?

Background: The aim was to use a theoretical framework developed by Bronfenbrenner in order to investigate if the association between school connectedness and family climate at age 16 and mental health symptoms at age 43 is mediated by social and professional establishment at age 30.

Methods: Data were drawn from The Northern Swedish Cohort, a prospective population-based cohort. The present study included 506 women and 577 men who responded to questionnaires at age 16 (in year 1981), age 30 (in 1995) and age 43 (in 2008).

Prevailing over Adversity: Factors Counteracting the Long-Term Negative Health Influences of Social and Material Disadvantages in Youth.

Disadvantaged circumstances in youth tend to translate into poor health development. However, the fact that this is not always the case has been seen as indicative of differential resilience. The current study highlights factors outside the context of the family with the potential to counteract the long-term negative influences of social and material adversity in adolescence on general health status.

Job demands, control and social support as predictors of trajectories of depressive symptoms.

Background: Job demands, job control and social support have been associated with depressive symptoms. However, it is unknown how these work characteristics are associated with different trajectories of depressive symptoms, which this study aimed to examine.

Methods: We included 6679 subjects in the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH), who completed biennial questionnaires in 2006-2016.

A randomized controlled intervention of workplace-based group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.

Purpose: Sleep disturbance is common in the working population, often associated with work stress, health complaints and impaired work performance. This study evaluated a group intervention at work, based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia, and the moderating effects of burnout scores at baseline.

Methods: This is a randomized controlled intervention with a waiting list control group.

Total workload and recovery in relation to worktime reduction: a randomised controlled intervention study with time-use data.

Objectives: A 25% reduction of weekly work hours for full-time employees has been shown to improve sleep and alertness and reduce stress during both workdays and days off. The aim of the present study was to investigate how employees use their time during such an intervention: does total workload (paid and non-paid work) decrease, and recovery time increase, when work hours are reduced?

Methods: Full-time employees within the public sector (n=636; 75% women) were randomised into intervention group and control group. The intervention group (n=370) reduced worktime to 75% with preserved salary during 18 months.

Trajectories of musculoskeletal pain from adolescence to middle age: the role of early depressive symptoms, a 27-year follow-up of the Northern Swedish Cohort.

Depression and musculoskeletal pain are associated, but long-term follow-up studies are rare. We aimed to examine the relationship of early depressive symptoms with developmental patterns of musculoskeletal pain from adolescence to middle age. Adolescents ending compulsory school (age 16) in Luleå, Northern Sweden, in 1981 (n = 1083) were studied and followed up in 1986, 1995, and 2008 (age 43) for musculoskeletal pain.

The longitudinal relationship between control over working hours and depressive symptoms: Results from SLOSH, a population-based cohort study.

Background: Psychosocial work factors can affect depressive moods, but research is inconclusive if flexibility to self-determine working hours (work-time control, WTC) is associated with depressive symptoms over time. We investigated if either sub-dimension of WTC, control over daily hours and control over time off, was related to depressive symptoms over time and examined causal, reversed-causal, and reciprocal pathways.

Methods: The study was based on four waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health which is a follow-up of representative samples of the Swedish working population.

The impact of reduced worktime on sleep and perceived stress - a group randomized intervention study using diary data.

Objective Insufficient time for recovery between workdays may cause fatigue and disturbed sleep. This study evaluated the impact of an intervention that reduced weekly working hours by 25% on sleep, sleepiness and perceived stress for employees within the public sector. Method Participating workplaces (N=33) were randomized into intervention and control groups.

Does childhood trauma influence offspring's birth characteristics?

Background: : A recent epigenetic hypothesis postulates that 'a sex-specific male-line transgenerational effect exists in humans', which can be triggered by childhood trauma during 'the slow growth period' just before puberty. The evidence is based on a few rather small epidemiological studies. We examine what response childhood trauma predicts, if any, in the birth size and prematurity risk of almost 800 000 offspring.

Social adversities in adolescence predict unfavourable trajectories of internalized mental health symptoms until middle age: results from the Northern Swedish Cohort.

Background: Experiencing adversities during upbringing has short-term and long-term effects on mental health. This study aims to explore how social adversities in adolescence predict trajectories of internalized mental health symptoms (IMHS), from adolescence and onward until middle age.

Methods: Based on 1040 individuals from the Northern Swedish Cohort Study, a community-based cohort with 27 years of follow-up.

Parental academic involvement in adolescence as predictor of mental health trajectories over the life course: a prospective population-based cohort study.

Background: Mental health problems are rising, especially among younger people, indicating a need to identify determinants of the development of mental health over the life course. Parental involvement in their children's studies, particularly in terms of academic socialisation, has been shown to predict better mental health in adulthood, as well as other more favourable health outcomes, but no study published so far has examined its impact on trajectories of mental health. We therefore sought to elucidate the role of parental involvement at age 16 on the life course development of internalised mental health symptoms.

Impact of maternal obesity on inhaled corticosteroid use in childhood: a registry based analysis of first born children and a sibling pair analysis.

Background: It has been proposed that maternal obesity during pregnancy may increase the risk that the child develops allergic disease and asthma, although the mechanisms underpinning this relationship are currently unclear. We sought to assess if this association may be due to confounding by genetic or environmental risk factors that are common to maternal obesity and childhood asthma, using a sibling pair analysis.

Methods: The study population comprised a Swedish national cohort of term children born between 1992 and 2008 to native Swedish parents.

A decline in the prevalence of injecting drug users in Estonia, 2005-2009.

Aims: Here we report a study aimed at estimating trends in the prevalence of injection drug use between 2005 and 2009 in Estonia.

Background: Descriptions of behavioural epidemics have received little attention compared with infectious disease epidemics in Eastern Europe.

Methods: The number of injection drug users (IDUs) aged 15-44 each year between 2005 and 2009 was estimated using capture-recapture methodology based on 4 data sources (2 treatment data bases: drug use and non-fatal overdose treatment; criminal justice (drug related offences) and mortality (injection drug use related deaths) data).

Small birth size, adult overweight, and risk of acute myocardial infraction.

Background: The association between small size at birth and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood is well established. This relationship is commonly interpreted according to the "thrifty phenotype hypothesis," which states that the association is generated by a mismatch between fetal and postnatal nutrition. Empirical support for an interaction between impaired fetal growth and later overnutrition is, however, sparse and partly conflicting.

HIV infection and risk behaviour of primary fentanyl and amphetamine injectors in Tallinn, Estonia: implications for intervention.

Background: Following a heroin shortage, fentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl, known as "China White" and "White Persian", have become the most widely used drugs, along with amphetamine, among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tallinn, Estonia.

Methods: In order to assess the relationships between the injection of fentanyl and amphetamine, and levels of HIV prevalence and risk behaviour, 350 current IDUs were recruited using respondent-driven sampling for an interviewer-administered unlinked cross-sectional survey and HIV testing. IDUs were categorised into groups based on self-report of the main drug used within the last 28 days.

High-prevalence and high-estimated incidence of HIV infection among new injecting drug users in Estonia: need for large scale prevention programs.

Objective: To examine HIV risk behavior and HIV infection among new injectors in Tallinn, Estonia. Design and methods Data from two cross-sectional surveys of injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited from a syringe exchange program (N = 162, Study 1) or using respondent driven sampling (N = 350, Study 2). Behavioral surveys were administered; serum samples were collected for HIV testing.