Assessing the modulation of cutaneous sensory fiber excitability using a fast perception threshold tracking technique.

Introduction: Topical application of lidocaine-and-prilocaine (LP) cream attenuates the functionality of small cutaneous nerve fibers. The aim of this human study was to measure the underlying excitability modulation of small cutaneous nerve fibers using a novel and fast perception threshold tracking (PTT) technique.

Methods: Small sensory fibers were selectively blocked by 120-minute topical application of LP and confirmed by quantitative sensory testing.

A Novel Stimulation Paradigm to Limit the Habituation of the Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex.

In gait rehabilitation, combining gait therapy with functional electrical stimulation based on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) improves walking velocity and gait symmetry of hemiparetic patients. However, habituation of the NWR can affect the efficacy of training. The current study aimed at identifying the stimulation parameters that would limit, in healthy participants, the habituation of the NWR.

Membrane properties in small cutaneous nerve fibers in humans.

Introduction: Assessment of membrane properties is important for understanding the mechanisms of painful peripheral neuropathy, developing new diagnostic techniques, and screening/profiling of analgesics that target ion channels.

Methods: Small cutaneous nerves were activated electrically by small diameter (0.2 mm) cathodes, and large nerves were activated by ordinary patch electrodes.

Muscle Activation During Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Occurs Due to Recruitment of Efferent Nerve Fibers, Not Direct Muscle Activation.

Background: Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is a potential treatment for chronic low-back pain. Pain relief using PNFS is dependent on activation of non-nociceptive Aβ-fibers. However, PNFS may also activate muscles, causing twitches and discomfort.

Nerve Fiber Activation During Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation: Importance of Electrode Orientation and Estimation of Area of Paresthesia.

Introduction And Aim: Low back pain is one of the indications for using peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS). However, the effect of PNFS varies between patients; several stimulation parameters have not been investigated in depth, such as orientation of the nerve fiber in relation to the electrode. While placing the electrode parallel to the nerve fiber may give lower activation thresholds, anodal blocking may occur when the propagating action potential passes an anode.

A human experimental model of episodic pain.

An experimental model of daily episodic pain was developed to investigate peripheral sensitization and cortical reorganization in healthy individuals. Two experiments (A and B) were conducted. Experiments A and B consisted of one and five consecutive days, respectively, in which the participants were subjected to 45 min of intense painful cutaneous electrical stimulation (episodic pain session), using a stimulus paradigm that in animals has been shown to induce long-term potentiation.

Activation of peripheral nerve fibers by electrical stimulation in the sole of the foot.

Background: Human nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWR) can be evoked by electrical stimulation applied to the sole of the foot. However, elicitation of NWRs is highly site dependent, and NWRs are especially difficult to elicit at the heel. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential peripheral mechanisms for any site dependent differences in reflex thresholds.

Estimating nerve excitation thresholds to cutaneous electrical stimulation by finite element modeling combined with a stochastic branching nerve fiber model.

Electrical stimulation of cutaneous tissue through surface electrodes is an often used method for evoking experimental pain. However, at painful intensities both non-nociceptive Aβ-fibers and nociceptive Aδ- and C-fibers may be activated by the electrical stimulation. This study proposes a finite element (FE) model of the extracellular potential and stochastic branching fiber model of the afferent fiber excitation thresholds.

Multichannel matching pursuit validation and clustering--a simulation and empirical study.

Introduction: Multichannel matching pursuit (MMP) is a relatively new method that can be applied to electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in combination with inverse modelling. However, limitations of MMP have not been adequately tested. The aims of this study were to investigate how the accuracy of MMP algorithm is altered due to increased number of brain sources and increased noise level, and to implement and test a modified K-means clustering algorithm in order to group similar MMP atoms in time-frequency and space between subjects together.

The effect of visuo-spatial organisation in recognition-memory tasks.

We investigated whether recognition memory benefits when stimuli are organised in a visuo-spatial array. Three different memory tasks were compared: (a) verbal task (what); (b) spatial task (where); (c) combination task, where both verbal and spatial informations were combined together (what/where). We hypothesised that when visual stimuli are organised in a spatial array the recognition is better.

An automated method for micro-state segmentation of evoked potentials.

We present a method for segmenting evoked potentials into functional micro-states. The method is based on measuring the similarity between all the topographic maps in the evoked potential and grouping them into functional micro-states based on minimizing an error function. The similarity is measured as the normalized cross-correlation coefficient.

Velocity recovery function of the compound muscle action potential assessed with doublet and triplet stimulation.

Normative values of muscle fiber conduction velocity depend on the conditions in which conduction velocity is measured due to the velocity recovery function (VRF) of muscle fibers. In this study the VRF of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was assessed following doublet and triplet stimulation in order to investigate the effect of repetitive muscle activation on muscle fiber conduction velocity. The VRF from doublet and triplet activation showed a peak of 4.

The recruitment order of electrically activated motor neurons investigated with a novel collision technique.

Objective: The development of a novel collision technique for assessment of the activation order of electrically activated nerve fibers, which is an important question in functional electrical therapy or for interpretation of results of motor unit number estimates.

Methods: Compound muscle action potentials were recorded with the belly-tendon configuration from the abductor digiti minimi. A novel modified Hopf's collision technique was applied on ten healthy male subjects to determine the distributions of conduction velocities (DCV) of all ulnar nerve fibers and of the fibers activated by electrical stimuli eliciting 20%, 50%, and 80% of the maximal muscle response.

Breakdown of accommodation in nerve: a possible role for persistent sodium current.

Background: Accommodation and breakdown of accommodation are important elements of information processing in nerve fibers, as they determine how nerve fibers react to natural slowly changing stimuli or electrical stimulation. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the biophysical mechanism of breakdown of accommodation, which at present is unknown.

Results: A model of a space-clamped motor nerve fiber was developed.

Orderly activation of human motor neurons using electrical ramp prepulses.

Objective: Conventional electrical stimulation (rectangular pulses) recruits large before small diameter motor neurons and motor neurons close to the electrode before more distant motor neurons. The present study investigated the possibility for changing the recruitment order of electrical stimuli with sub-threshold ramp prepulses.

Methods: The median nerve was stimulated using surface electrodes at the wrist and elbow.