Isolation of a Potently Neutralizing and Protective Human Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Yellow Fever Virus.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) causes sporadic outbreaks of infection in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. While live-attenuated yellow fever virus vaccines based on three substrains of 17D are considered some of the most effective vaccines in use, problems with production and distribution have created large populations of unvaccinated, vulnerable individuals in areas of endemicity. To date, specific antiviral therapeutics have not been licensed for human use against YFV or any other related flavivirus.

Understanding Bilateral Skull Fractures in Infancy: A Retrospective Multicenter Case Review.

Background: Bilateral skull fractures in infancy often raise suspicion for abuse. Nevertheless, literature suggests that they may occur accidentally. However, empiric data are lacking.

Impact of artificial intelligence on US medical students' choice of radiology.

Purpose: International student surveys have shown significant anxiety about pursuing radiology as a career due to artificial intelligence (AI). For a counterpart study in the US, we examined the impact of AI on US medical students' choice of radiology as a career, and how such impact is influenced by students' opinions on and exposures to AI and radiology.

Methods: Students across 32 US medical schools participated in an anonymous online survey.

Therapeutic alphavirus cross-reactive E1 human antibodies inhibit viral egress.

Alphaviruses cause severe arthritogenic or encephalitic disease. The E1 structural glycoprotein is highly conserved in these viruses and mediates viral fusion with host cells. However, the role of antibody responses to the E1 protein in immunity is poorly understood.

IL-1RA regulates immunopathogenesis during fungal-associated allergic airway inflammation.

Severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) defines a subset of human asthmatics with allergy to 1 or more fungal species and difficult-to-control asthma. We have previously reported that human asthmatics sensitized to fungi have worse lung function and a higher degree of atopy, which was associated with higher IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. IL-1RA further demonstrated a significant negative association with bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine.

Imaging findings of Menkes disease, a radiographic mimic of abusive trauma.

Menkes disease is a rare X-linked recessive disorder caused by impaired copper absorption and transport. Presented here is a case of a 12-week-old male who presented with hypotonia and multiple metaphyseal fractures. Further imaging and workup revealed a diagnosis of Menkes disease.

Role of Common γ-Chain Cytokines in Lung Interleukin-22 Regulation after Acute Exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus.

Humans are constantly exposed to the opportunistic mold , and disease caused by this pathogen is often determined by the magnitude of local and systemic immune responses. We have previously shown a protective role for interleukin-22 (IL-22) after acute exposure. Here, employing IL-22 R26R reporter mice, we identified iNKT cells, γδ T cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) as lung cell sources of IL-22 in response to acute exposure.

The common γ-chain cytokine IL-7 promotes immunopathogenesis during fungal asthma.

Asthmatics sensitized to fungi are reported to have more severe asthma, yet the immunopathogenic pathways contributing to this severity have not been identified. In a pilot assessment of human asthmatics, those subjects sensitized to fungi demonstrated elevated levels of the common γ-chain cytokine IL-7 in lung lavage fluid, which negatively correlated with the lung function measurement PC20. Subsequently, we show that IL-7 administration during experimental fungal asthma worsened lung function and increased the levels of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), proallergic chemokines (CCL17, CCL22) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β).

Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Negatively Affects Immune Responses during Acute and Chronic Aspergillus fumigatus Exposure.

Chitin is a polysaccharide that provides structure and rigidity to the cell walls of fungi and insects. Mammals possess multiple chitinases, which function to degrade chitin, thereby supporting a role for chitinases in immune defense. However, chitin degradation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma.

IL-33 Signaling Regulates Innate IL-17A and IL-22 Production via Suppression of Prostaglandin E during Lung Fungal Infection.

Members of the IL-1 family play protective and regulatory roles in immune defense against the opportunistic mold In this study, we investigated the IL-1 family member IL-33 in lung defense against IL-33 was detected in the naive lung, which further increased after exposure to in a dectin-1-independent manner. Mice deficient in the receptor for IL-33 () unexpectedly demonstrated enhanced lung clearance of IL-33 functioned as a negative regulator of multiple inflammatory cytokines, as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-22 were significantly elevated in fungal-exposed mice. Subsequently, IL-33 administration to normal mice attenuated fungal-induced IL-17A and IL-22, but not IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-6, production.

Structures of human folate receptors reveal biological trafficking states and diversity in folate and antifolate recognition.

Antifolates, folate analogs that inhibit vitamin B9 (folic acid)-using cellular enzymes, have been used over several decades for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Cellular uptake of the antifolates in clinical use occurs primarily via widely expressed facilitative membrane transporters. More recently, human folate receptors (FRs), high affinity receptors that transport folate via endocytosis, have been proposed as targets for the specific delivery of new classes of antifolates or folate conjugates to tumors or sites of inflammation.