Exploring the link among injury severity, white matter connectivity and psychosocial outcomes in pediatric TBI: a probabilistic tractography approach.

Aim: We examined associations among injury severity, white matter structural connectivity within functionally defined brain networks and psychosocial/adaptive outcomes in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Method: Participants included 58 youths (39 male) with complicated-mild TBI (cmTBI;  = 12, age =  12.6 ± 2.

Depression and anxiety in transgender and non-binary adolescents: prevalence and associations between adolescent and caregiver reports.

Unlabelled: Transgender/non-binary (TNB) adolescents are at increased risk for mental health concerns, and caregiver awareness is important to facilitate access to care. Yet, limited research has examined caregiver awareness of TNB mental health. Thus, we examined (1) the prevalence of internalizing symptoms (depression, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety) among TNB adolescents and (2) associations between adolescent and caregiver reports of adolescent mental health symptoms.

Neuropsychology practice guidance for the neuropsychiatric aspects of Long COVID.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound global impact on individual health and well-being in adults and children. While most fully recover from COVID-19, a relatively large subgroup continues to experience persistent physical, cognitive, and emotional/behavioral symptoms beyond the initial infection period. The World Health Organization has termed this phenomenon "Post-COVID-19 Condition" (PCC), better known as "Long COVID.

Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits across Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Insights from an ENIGMA Mega Analysis.

Deficits in memory performance have been linked to a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. While many studies have assessed the memory impacts of individual conditions, this study considers a broader perspective by evaluating how memory recall is differentially associated with nine common neuropsychiatric conditions using data drawn from 55 international studies, aggregating 15,883 unique participants aged 15-90. The effects of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder on immediate, short-, and long-delay verbal learning and memory (VLM) scores were estimated relative to matched healthy individuals.

The Use of Methylphenidate During Inpatient Rehabilitation After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Population Characteristics and Prescribing Patterns.

Objective: To understand how methylphenidate (MPH) is used in youth with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during inpatient pediatric rehabilitation.

Setting: Inpatient pediatric rehabilitation.

Participants: In total, 234 children with TBI; 62 of whom received MPH and 172 who did not.

Multimodal Analysis of Secondary Cerebellar Alterations After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

Importance: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to cause widespread neural disruption in the cerebrum. However, less is known about the association of TBI with cerebellar structure and how such changes may alter executive functioning.

Objective: To investigate alterations in subregional cerebellum volume and cerebral white matter microstructure after pediatric TBI and examine subsequent changes in executive function.

Effect of Extremely Preterm Birth on Adolescent Brain Network Organization.

Extremely preterm (EPT) birth, defined as birth at a gestational age (GA) <28 weeks, can have a lasting impact on cognition throughout the life span. Previous investigations reveal differences in brain structure and connectivity between infants born preterm and full-term (FT), but how does preterm birth impact the adolescent connectome? In this study, we investigate how EPT birth can alter broadscale network organization later in life by comparing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectome-based parcellations of the entire cortex in adolescents born EPT ( = 22) to age-matched adolescents born FT (GA ≥37 weeks,  = 28). We compare these parcellations to adult parcellations from previous studies and explore the relationship between an individual's network organization and behavior.

Quality of Social Relationships with Parents and Peers in Adolescents Born Extremely Preterm.

Objective: Adolescents born extremely preterm (EPT, gestational age [GA] <28 weeks) are at higher risk for problems in peer socialization than those born full-term (FT, GA >36 weeks). This study was designed to examine the possibility that adolescents born EPT may also have difficulty in transitioning from parents to peers for socialization, a process referred to as "social reorienting." A secondary aim was to investigate associations of social reorienting with other neurodevelopmental characteristics.

Predicting Outcomes 2 Months and 1 Year After Inpatient Rehabilitation for Youth With TBI Using Duration of Impaired Consciousness and Serial Cognitive Assessment.

Objective: To examine predictive utility of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), time to follow commands (TFC), length of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), duration of impaired consciousness (TFC+PTA), and the Cognitive and Linguistic Scale (CALS) scores in predicting outcomes on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, Pediatric Revision (GOS-E Peds) for children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at 2 months and 1 year after discharge from rehabilitation.

Setting: A large, urban pediatric medical center and inpatient rehabilitation program.

Participants: Sixty youth with moderate-to-severe TBI (mean age at injury = 13.

Structural Racism, Social Determinants of Health, and Provider Bias: Impact on Brain Development in Critical Congenital Heart Disease.

Critical congenital heart disease (cCHD) has neurodevelopmental sequelae that can carry into adulthood, which may be due to aberrant brain development or brain injury in the prenatal and perinatal/neonatal periods and beyond. Health disparities based on the intersection of sex, geography, race, and ethnicity have been identified for poorer pre- and postnatal outcomes in the general population, as well as those with cCHD. These disparities are likely driven by structural racism, disparities in social determinants of health, and provider bias, which further compound negative brain development outcomes.

Pilot Study of Associations Among Functional Connectivity and Neurocognition in Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumor and Healthy Peers.

This pilot study examined the associations among functional connectivity in the salience, central executive, and default mode networks, and neurocognition in pediatric brain tumor survivors and healthy children. Thirteen pediatric brain tumor survivors (9 boys, M = 12.76 years) and 10 healthy children (6 boys, M = 12.

Multimodal classification of extremely preterm and term adolescents using the fusiform gyrus: A machine learning approach.

Objective: Extremely preterm birth has been associated with atypical visual and neural processing of faces, as well as differences in gray matter structure in visual processing areas relative to full-term peers. In particular, the right fusiform gyrus, a core visual area involved in face processing, has been shown to have structural and functional differences between preterm and full-term individuals from childhood through early adulthood. The current study used multiple neuroimaging modalities to build a machine learning model based on the right fusiform gyrus to classify extremely preterm birth status.

Development of the mentalizing network structures and theory of mind in extremely preterm youth.

Adolescents born preterm (<37 weeks of gestation) are at elevated risk for deficits in social cognition and peer relationships. Theory of Mind (ToM) is a complex form of social cognition important for regulating social interactions. ToM and the underlying mentalizing network continue to develop across adolescence.

Prescribing Patterns of Amantadine During Pediatric Inpatient Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicentered Retrospective Review From the Pediatric Brain Injury Consortium.

Objectives: To describe dosing practices for amantadine hydrochloride and related adverse effects among children and young adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to pediatric inpatient rehabilitation units.

Setting: Eight pediatric acute inpatient rehabilitation units located throughout the United States comprising the Pediatric Brain Injury Consortium.

Participants: Two-hundred thirty-four children and young adults aged 2 months to 21 years with TBI.

White Matter Disruption in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Results From ENIGMA Pediatric Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: Our study addressed aims (1) to test the hypothesis that moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in pediatric patients is associated with widespread white matter (WM) disruption, (2) to test the hypothesis that age and sex affect WM organization after injury, and (3) to examine associations between WM organization and neurobehavioral outcomes.

Methods: Data from 10 previously enrolled, existing cohorts recruited from local hospitals and clinics were shared with the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Pediatric Moderate/Severe TBI (msTBI) working group. We conducted a coordinated analysis of diffusion MRI (dMRI) data using the ENIGMA dMRI processing pipeline.

Cognitive Recovery During Inpatient Rehabilitation Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pediatric Brain Injury Consortium Study.

Objectives: To characterize the demographics, clinical course, and predictors of cognitive recovery among children and young adults receiving inpatient rehabilitation following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design: Retrospective observational, multicenter study.

Setting: Eight acute pediatric inpatient rehabilitation facilities in the United States with specialized programs for treating patients with TBI.

Acute Imaging Findings Predict Recovery of Cognitive and Motor Function after Inpatient Rehabilitation for Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pediatric Brain Injury Consortium Study.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children; survivors experience long-term cognitive and motor deficits. To date, studies predicting outcome following pediatric TBI have primarily focused on acute behavioral responses and proxy measures of injury severity; unsurprisingly, these measures explain very little of the variance following heterogenous injury. In adults, certain acute imaging biomarkers help predict cognitive and motor recovery following moderate to severe TBI.

The mentalizing network and theory of mind mediate adjustment after childhood traumatic brain injury.

Childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 600 000 children per year in the United States. Following TBI, children are vulnerable to deficits in psychosocial adjustment and neurocognition, including social cognition, which persist long-term. They are also susceptible to direct and secondary damage to related brain networks.

Predictors of cognitive function in pediatric brain tumor patients: Pre-surgery through 24-month follow-up.

The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of cognitive assessment from pre-surgery through 2-year follow-up in a sample of pediatric brain tumor (BT) patients. We sought to investigate cognitive function over the course of diagnosis and treatment, and as a function of presenting problems, tumor location, treatment type, and tumor severity. Using a prospective, longitudinal design, standardized IQ measures were administered to pediatric BT patients (ages 6-16) prior to surgery ( = 25), 6 months post-diagnosis ( = 24), and 24 months post-diagnosis ( = 23).

Pediatric Stroke Impairs Theory of Mind Performance.

Aim: This pilot study explored whether childhood stroke impairs performance on theory of mind (ToM) tasks and whether ToM task performance correlates with resting state connectivity in brain regions linked with social cognition.

Method: We performed a case-control study of 10 children with stroke and 10 age- and gender-matched controls. They completed 2 ToM tasks, and resting state connectivity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).