Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and metabolic syndrome: a synergistic cardiovascular risk factor.

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for adults in the United States. One risk factor for CVD is metabolic syndrome, which encompasses obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, proinflammatory state, and prothrombotic state. A lesser-understood risk factor is obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

Effects of sleep patterns and obesity on increases in blood pressure in a 5-year period: report from the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study.

Objectives: To determine associations between body mass index and sleep on blood pressure in a 5-year period from childhood to adolescence.

Study Design: Study consisted of a longitudinal, community-based sample of 334 children recruited at ages 6 through 11 years. Each participant underwent in-home polysomnography initially and then 5 years later.

Normative heart rate parameters during sleep for children aged 6 to 11 years.

Objective: Normative values for pediatric heart rates during sleep are not known. The purpose of this study was to describe the average sleeping heart rate of children and to determine if age, sex, body mass index (BMI) or ethnicity is related to sleeping heart rate.

Methods: Electrocardiogram (ECG) data were obtained from healthy children during in-home polysomnography in the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA) or home cardiorespiratory sleep studies in the Cleveland Children's Sleep and Health Study (CCSHS).

Adherence to positive airway pressure therapy in adults and children.

Purpose Of Review: Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is commonly prescribed treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in both adults and children. However, the effectiveness of PAP therapy is undermined by poor adherence. The purpose of this review is to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of nonadherence to PAP therapy and highlight interventions that promote adherence.

Neural activation patterns during working memory tasks and OSA disease severity: preliminary findings.

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with cognitive impairments in working memory (WM). Neuronal activation during WM tasks can be indirectly assessed by blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI). The purpose of this study was to describe BOLD-fMRI responses during 2 separate working memory tasks and a finger tapping task in men with OSA.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging in nursing research.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful noninvasive neuroimaging technique nurse scientists can use to investigate the structure and cognitive capacities of the brain. A strong magnetic field and intermittent high-frequency pulses cause protons in body tissues to release energy, which can be recorded and processed into images that are sensitive to specific tissue characteristics. Although temporal and spatial resolution constraints define an upper limit to the precision of magnetic resonance (MR) scanners, the primary index of neuronal activity, hemodynamic response, can be efficiently estimated.

Snoring predicts hyperactivity four years later.

Study Objectives: Cross-sectional studies implicate snoring and sleep-disordered breathing as potential contributors to hyperactive behavior in some children. However, no prospective cohort study has demonstrated that symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing precede development of hyperactivity.

Participants: Parents of 229 children aged 2 to 13 years, recruited at 2 general pediatrics clinics, completed initial and 4-year follow-up surveys.

Cognitive executive dysfunction in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing.

In children, moderate or severe sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may impair cognitive executive functions (EFs), including working memory, attention, and mental flexibility. The main objective of this study was to assess EFs in children with mild levels of SDB. Subjects for this descriptive study were 12 children (5 girls, 7 boys) aged 8.

Conduct problems and symptoms of sleep disorders in children.

Objective: Conduct problems and hyperactivity are frequent among children referred for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), restless legs syndrome, or periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS), but children not referred to sleep centers have received little study.

Method: Parents of children aged 2 to 14 years were surveyed at two general clinics between 1998 and 2000. A Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire generated validated scores for SDB and PLMS.

Associations between symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, restless legs, and periodic leg movements.

Study Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has shown associations with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) among small samples of referred children, but whether RLS or PLMS are common more generally among hyperactive children has not been well studied.

Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: Two university-affiliated but community-based general pediatrics clinics.

Inattention, hyperactivity, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing.

Objective: Inattention and hyperactivity are frequent among children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and often improve when SDB is treated. However, the frequency of SDB symptoms among inattentive and hyperactive children has received little study.

Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Symptoms of sleep disturbances among children at two general pediatric clinics.

Objective: We assessed the frequency of childhood sleep problems at 2 general pediatric clinics.

Study Design: Parents of 1038 unselected children (554 boys) aged 2.0 to 13.