Prevalence of transmitted drug resistance associated mutations and HIV-1 subtypes in new HIV-1 diagnoses, U.S.-2006.

Objective: To determine the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations (TDRM) among persons newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in the United States.

Methods: We used sequence data from Variant, Atypical, and Resistant HIV Surveillance (VARHS) collected from newly diagnosed persons in 10 states and 1 county health department in 2006. To evaluate TDRM, we used a mutation list for surveillance of TDRM appropriate for the primarily subtype B HIV epidemic in the United States.

HIV testing frequency among men who have sex with men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics: implications for HIV prevention and surveillance.

Objectives: To describe trends in the occurrence and frequency of HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) receiving care in 4 US sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and to define factors associated with HIV testing frequency and positivity.

Study Design: Routine clinical encounters during 57,131 visits by MSM to STD clinics in 4 cities (Seattle-King County, San Francisco, Denver, and District of columbia), 2002-2006, were examined.

Results: From 2002 to 2006, a city-specific median of 69.

Cytochrome oxidase inhibition induced by acute hydrogen sulfide inhalation: correlation with tissue sulfide concentrations in the rat brain, liver, lung, and nasal epithelium.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important brain, lung, and nose toxicant. Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase is the primary biochemical effect associated with lethal H2S exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of sulfide and cytochrome oxidase activity in target tissues following acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of inhaled H2S.