Inhaled Corticosteroids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression.

Background: Previous studies have reported mixed associations between inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using updated literature, we investigated the association between ICS-containing medications and CVD in COPD patients, stratified by study-related factors.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies that reported effect estimates for the association between ICS-containing medications and the risk of CVD in COPD patients.