Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis of Responses to Ailanthone, a Potential Bio-Herbicide.

Many plants naturally synthesize and secrete secondary metabolites that exert an allelopathic effect, offering compelling alternatives to chemical herbicides. These natural herbicides are highly important for sustainable agricultural practices. Ailanthone is the chemical responsible for the herbicidal effect of , or "tree of heaven".

The effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol, a potent methane inhibitor, on ruminal microbial gene expression profiles in dairy cows.

Background: Enteric methane emissions from dairy cows are an environmental problem as well as a gross feed energy loss to the animal. Methane is generated in the rumen by methanogenic archaea from hydrogen (H) + carbon dioxide and from H + methanol or methylamines. The methanogenic substrates are provided by non-methanogens during feed fermentation.

CINCINNATA-Like TCP Transcription Factors in Cell Growth - An Expanding Portfolio.

Post-mitotic cell growth is a key process in plant growth and development. Cell expansion drives major growth during morphogenesis and is influenced by both endogenous factors and environmental stimuli. Though both isotropic and anisotropic cell growth can contribute to organ size and shape at different degrees, anisotropic cell growth is more likely to contribute to shape change.

Impact of accreditation on Caribbean medical schools' processes.

Background: Caribbean graduates contribute significantly to the US healthcare workforce. The accreditation requirements of local governments vary from one Caribbean island to another island. The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) requirement that all future applicants be graduates from accredited medical schools drove Caribbean medical schools to seek accreditation.

Active suppression of leaflet emergence as a mechanism of simple leaf development.

Angiosperm leaves show extensive shape diversity and are broadly divided into two forms; simple leaves with intact lamina and compound leaves with lamina dissected into leaflets. The mechanistic basis of margin dissection and leaflet initiation has been inferred primarily by analysing compound-leaf architecture, and thus whether the intact lamina of simple leaves has the potential to initiate leaflets upon endogenous gene inactivation remains unclear. Here, we show that the CINCINNATA-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (CIN-TCP) transcription factors activate the class II KNOTTED1-LIKE (KNOX-II) genes and the CIN-TCP and KNOX-II proteins together redundantly suppress leaflet initiation in simple leaves.

Modern techniques of teaching and learning in medical education: a descriptive literature review.

Unlabelled: This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended.

Objectives: Education is a dynamic process that has to be refined periodically.

Escalation of an Otherwise Curable Cancer: Retroperitoneal Mass Destruction Associated With Testicular Seminoma in a Psychiatric Patient.

We report the case of a 31-year-old male patient with underlying psychiatric illness and substance abuse who presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. CT scan of the abdomen revealed a large retroperitoneal mass wrapping around the aorta and obstructing the left ureter causing hydronephrosis. Physical examination found a painless left testicular mass.

Lack of Patient Knowledge Regarding the Adverse Effects of Analgesics With High Doses Leading to Elevation of Creatinine and Major Consequences - A Case Report.

We present a case of a 49-year-old male with complaints of back pain and not being able to urinate. The patient was suffering from back pain for the last four days and followed up with the chiropractor, but the pain persisted. The patient took eight ibuprofen tablets (1600 mg) within those four days to relieve the pain.

Epidemiological Differences of COVID-19 Over the World.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), originally, from Wuhan, China, has now spread to most countries across the globe and devastated global healthcare systems. The impact of this disease has, however, shown baffling variations in prevalence in different regions of the world. The aim of this short review is to identify differential national COVID-19 prevalence of COVID-19, as well as to suggest these epidemiological differences.

The TCP4 Transcription Factor Directly Activates and and Suppresses Trichome Initiation.

Trichomes are the first line of defense on the outer surface of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Because trichomes on leaf surfaces originate from the common epidermal progenitor cells that also give rise to pavement cells and stomata, their density and distribution are under strict genetic control. Regulators of trichome initiation have been identified and incorporated into a biochemical pathway wherein an initiator complex promotes trichome fate in an epidermal progenitor cell, while an inhibitor complex suppresses it in the neighboring cells.

The CIN-TCP transcription factors promote commitment to differentiation in Arabidopsis leaf pavement cells via both auxin-dependent and independent pathways.

Cells in organ primordia undergo active proliferation at an early stage to generate sufficient number, before exiting proliferation and entering differentiation. However, how the actively proliferating cells are developmentally reprogrammed to acquire differentiation potential during organ maturation is unclear. Here, we induced a microRNA-resistant form of TCP4 at various developmental stages of Arabidopsis leaf primordium that lacked the activity of TCP4 and its homologues and followed its effect on growth kinematics.

Polymorphism of Polymeric Amino Acid Regions in Fungal Proteins and Correlation with Altered Echinocandin and Azole Susceptibility.

Polymorphism of polymeric amino acid (polyX) regions within fungal proteins represents a potential mechanism for rapid genotypic adaptation to environmental pressures, including antifungal exposure. Polyglutamine (polyQ) was the most abundant repeat in the proteomes of 8 diverse fungal species and was preferentially found in regulatory proteins. In , polyX polymorphisms were characterized in 36 proteins implicated in azole or echinocandin susceptibility.

Generation of Inducible Transgenic Lines of Arabidopsis Transcription Factors Regulated by MicroRNAs.

Transcription factors play key regulatory roles in all the life processes across kingdoms. In plants, the genome of a typical model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana encodes over 1500 transcription factors that regulate the expression dynamics of all the genes in time and space. Therefore, studying their function by analyzing the loss and gain-of-function lines is of prime importance in basic plant biology and its agricultural application.

The TCP4 transcription factor regulates trichome cell differentiation by directly activating GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Trichomes are the first cell type to be differentiated during the morphogenesis of leaf epidermis and serve as an ideal model to study cellular differentiation. Many genes involved in the patterning and differentiation of trichome cells have been studied over the past decades, and the majority of these genes encode transcription factors that specifically regulate epidermal cell development. However, the upstream regulators of these genes that link early leaf morphogenesis with cell type differentiation are less studied.

Activation of by the Transcription Factor TCP4 Integrates Developmental and Environmental Signals to Promote Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis.

Cell expansion is an essential process in plant morphogenesis and is regulated by the coordinated action of environmental stimuli and endogenous factors, such as the phytohormones auxin and brassinosteroid. Although the biosynthetic pathways that generate these hormones and their downstream signaling mechanisms have been extensively studied, the upstream transcriptional network that modulates their levels and connects their action to cell morphogenesis is less clear. Here, we show that the miR319-regulated TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLODEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS) transcription factors, notably TCP4, directly activate transcription and integrate the auxin response to a brassinosteroid-dependent molecular circuit that promotes cell elongation in hypocotyls.

Design, semisynthesis and cytotoxic activity of novel ester derivatives of betulinic acid-1,2,4 oxadiazoles.

Taking into consideration of the biological activity of betulinic acid derivatives containing a oxadiazole ring, the semisynthetic betulinic acid-1,2,4-oxadiazole esters (14-25) were synthesized starting from betulinic acid (1) and 5-(bromomethyl)-3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (2-13) and final compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity on three human cancer cell lines in vitro. All tested compounds showed good cytotoxic activity. The structures of synthesized compounds are established based on infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry.

Sphingolipids mediate differential echinocandin susceptibility in Candida albicans and Aspergillus nidulans.

The cell wall synthesis-inhibiting echinocandins, including caspofungin and micafungin, play important roles in the treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis. Previous studies revealed that, in the haploid yeast Candida glabrata, sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway mutations confer caspofungin reduced susceptibility (CRS) but micafungin increased susceptibility (MIS). Here, we describe one Candida albicans strain (of 10 tested) that similarly yields CRS-MIS mutants at relatively high frequency.

The tarani mutation alters surface curvature in Arabidopsis leaves by perturbing the patterns of surface expansion and cell division.

The leaf surface usually stays flat, maintained by coordinated growth. Growth perturbation can introduce overall surface curvature, which can be negative, giving a saddle-shaped leaf, or positive, giving a cup-like leaf. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie leaf flatness, primarily because only a few mutants with altered surface curvature have been isolated and studied.