An evolutionarily conserved serine protease network mediates melanization and Toll activation in .

Melanization and Toll pathway activation are essential innate immune mechanisms in insects, which result in the generation of reactive compounds and antimicrobial peptides, respectively, to kill pathogens. These two processes are mediated by phenoloxidase (PO) and Spätzle (Spz) through an extracellular network of serine proteases. While some proteases have been identified in in genetic studies, the exact order of proteolytic activation events remains controversial.

Construction of a genome-wide genetic linkage map and identification of quantitative trait loci for powdery mildew resistance in daisy.

Powdery mildew (PM) is a common fungal disease in many important crops. The PM caused by has been the most challenging problem in commercial () production globally, often leading to severe losses of crop yield and quality. A small number of PM-resistant breeding lines and cultivars have been reported in , but the underlying genetics for PM resistance in is largely unknown.

AMPK-related protein kinase ARK5 regulates subcellular localization of RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1 during hypertonic stress.

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP A1 is a nucleocytoplasmic-shuttling RNA-binding protein that plays an important role in nucleic acid metabolism and gene expression regulation. The function of hnRNP A1 is determined in part by its specific location within the cell. Although some work has been done to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the cellular localization of hnRNP A1, the precise mechanism(s), including physiological and pathophysiological conditions that alter hnRNP A1 localization, are not known.

Integration of early disease-resistance phenotyping, histological characterization, and transcriptome sequencing reveals insights into downy mildew resistance in impatiens.

Downy mildew (DM), caused by obligate parasitic oomycetes, is a destructive disease for a wide range of crops worldwide. Recent outbreaks of impatiens downy mildew (IDM) in many countries have caused huge economic losses. A system to reveal plant-pathogen interactions in the early stage of infection and quickly assess resistance/susceptibility of plants to DM is desired.

Sequencing and analysis of gerbera daisy leaf transcriptomes reveal disease resistance and susceptibility genes differentially expressed and associated with powdery mildew resistance.

Background: RNA sequencing has been widely used to profile genome-wide gene expression and identify candidate genes controlling disease resistance and other important traits in plants. Gerbera daisy is one of the most important flowers in the global floricultural trade, and powdery mildew (PM) is the most important disease of gerbera. Genetic improvement of gerbera PM resistance has become a crucial goal in gerbera breeding.

Engineering Dynamic Surface Peptide Networks on Butyrylcholinesterase for Enhanced Organophosphosphorus Anticholinesterase Catalysis.

The single residue mutation of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) hydrolyzes a number of organophosphosphorus (OP) anticholinesterases. Whereas other BChE active site/proximal mutations have been investigated, none are sufficiently active to be prophylactically useful. In a fundamentally different computer simulations driven strategy, we identified a surface peptide loop (residues 278-285) exhibiting dynamic motions during catalysis and modified it via residue insertions.

Transcriptome Analysis of Young Ovaries Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Gamete Formation in .

Lantana ( L., Verbenaceae) is an important ornamental crop, yet can be a highly invasive species. The formation of unreduced female gametes (UFGs) is a major factor contributing to its invasiveness and has severely hindered the development of sterile cultivars.

Comparative Analysis of Impatiens Leaf Transcriptomes Reveal Candidate Genes for Resistance to Downy Mildew Caused by .

Impatiens downy mildew (IDM) is a devastating disease to garden impatiens. A good understanding of IDM resistance in New Guinea impatiens is essential for improving garden impatiens resistance to this disease. The present study was conducted to sequence, assemble, annotate and compare the leaf transcriptomes of two impatiens cultivars differing in resistance to IDM, reveal sequence polymorphisms and identify candidate genes for IDM resistance.

Hemolymph proteins of Anopheles gambiae larvae infected by Escherichia coli.

Anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria and its immune system in part determines the fate of ingested parasites. Proteins, hemocytes and fat body in hemolymph are critical components of this system, mediating both humoral and cellular defenses. Here we assessed differences in the hemolymph proteomes of water- and E.

Hypoxic modulation of hepatocyte responses to the cytokine interleukin-22.

The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a potent regulator of tissue responses during inflammation. Depending on the context of inflammation, IL-22 can have protective or inflammatory effects on epithelial cells. This dual nature of IL-22 leads us to hypothesize that its activity must be exquisitely regulated to prevent host tissue damage.

Differential response of tomato genotypes to Xanthomonas-specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and correlation with bacterial spot (Xanthomonas perforans) resistance.

Plants depend on innate immune responses to retard the initial spread of pathogens entering through stomata, hydathodes or injuries. These responses are triggered by conserved patterns in pathogen-encoded molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first responses, and the resulting 'oxidative burst' is considered to be a first line of defense.

High-density genotyping of immune-related loci identifies new SLE risk variants in individuals with Asian ancestry.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a strong but incompletely understood genetic architecture. We conducted an association study with replication in 4,478 SLE cases and 12,656 controls from six East Asian cohorts to identify new SLE susceptibility loci and better localize known loci. We identified ten new loci and confirmed 20 known loci with genome-wide significance.

Intranasal midazolam for rapid sedation of an agitated patient.

Rapidly, establishing a difficult intravenous access in a dangerously agitated patient is a real challenge. Intranasal midazolam has been shown to be effective and safe for rapidly sedating patients before anesthesia, for procedural sedation and for control of seizure. Here, we report a patient in intensive care unit who was on mechanical ventilation and on inotropic support for management of septic shock and who turned out extremely agitated after accidental catheter removal.

Rheum australe D. Don: a review of its botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Rheum australe D. Don (Polygonaceae) has been commonly used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, respiratory and skeletal systems as well as to infectious diseases.

Aim Of The Review: To provide the up-to-date information that is available on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Rheum australe.