To Acclimate or Not to Acclimate? Simultaneous Positive and Negative Effects of Acclimation on Susceptibility of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) to Low Temperatures.

Laboratory tests on acclimated and nonacclimated life stages of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (adults, pupae, larvae, and eggs) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) (adults, larvae, and eggs) were conducted at 0, -5, -10, and -15°C to evaluate effects of acclimation on susceptibility to cold treatment. Acclimation of all tested life stages for 7 d at 15°C affected susceptibility of both species to the cold temperatures.

Susceptibility of Different Life Stages of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) to Cold Treatment.

Laboratory tests were carried out to examine the efficacy of different exposure intervals (2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, and 7 d) on different life stages (adults, pupae, larvae, and eggs) of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the confused flour beetle, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), the saw-toothed grain beetle (adults, larvae, and eggs) to 0, -5, -10, and -15°C. Larvae and pupae of T.

A nuptially transmitted ichthyosporean symbiont of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, harbors a symbiont that has spores with a thick, laminated wall and infects the fat body and ventral nerve chord of adult and larval beetles. In adult males, there is heavy infection of the epithelial cells of the testes and between testes lobes with occasional penetration of the lobes. Spores are enveloped in the spermatophores when they are formed at the time of mating and transferred to the female's bursa copulatrix.

Phenoloxidase in larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): molecular cloning of the proenzyme cDNA and enzyme activity in larvae paralyzed and parasitized by Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a major component of the insect immune system. The enzyme is involved in encapsulation and melanization processes as well as wound healing and cuticle sclerotization. PO is present as an inactive proenzyme, prophenoloxidase (PPO), which is activated via a protease cascade.