Nitrous oxide gas emissions estimated by liquid-phase measurements: robustness and financial opportunity in single and multi-point monitoring campaigns.

A liquid-phase nitrous oxide sensor can be used as a proxy to estimate the gas emissions. Experiments conducted in a pilot-scale Anammox reactor, at different degrees of aeration intermittency, indicate a predictive error in the range of 13.4-19.

Energy saving on wastewater treatment plants through improved online control: case study wastewater treatment plant Antwerp-South.

This work provides a case study on how activated sludge modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can help to optimize the energy consumption of a treatment plant that is already equipped with an advanced control based on online nutrient measurements. Currently, aeration basins on wastewater treatment plant Antwerp-South are operated sequentially while flow direction and point of inflow and outflow vary as a function of time. Activated sludge modelling shows that switching from the existing alternating flow based control to a simultaneous parallel feeding of all aeration tanks saves 1.

Brown diamonds from an eclogite xenolith from Udachnaya kimberlite, Yakutia, Russia.

We have performed petrographic and spectroscopic studies of brown diamonds from an eclogite xenolith from the Udachnaya pipe (Yakutia, Russia). Brown diamonds are randomly intermixed with colorless ones in the rock and often located at the grain boundaries of clinopyroxene and garnet. Brown diamonds can be characterized by a set of defects (H4, N2D and a line at 490.

Use of dendrograms of slice spectra as a new graphical tool for the interpretation of two-dimensional correlation spectra.

In this paper a procedure is established to identify spectral bands that show similar behavior in two-dimensional correlation spectra. Slice spectra of bands that are affected in a single spectral event are highly similar. It is shown that this can be used to simplify the interpretation of two-dimensional (2D) correlation diagrams.

First finding of burkeite in melt inclusions in olivine from sheared lherzolite xenoliths.

For the first time burkeite was observed as a daughter phase in the melt inclusions in olivine by Raman spectroscopy. The olivine comes from sheared lherzolite xenoliths from the Udachnaya-East kimberlite pipe (Yakutia, Russia). This anhydrous sulfate-carbonate mineral (Na(6)(CO(3))(SO(4))(2)) is generally considered to be a characteristic mineral in saline soils or in continental lacustrine evaporite deposits.

Methods for extracting biochemical information from bacterial Raman spectra: focus on a group of structurally similar biomolecules--fatty acids.

In this paper we explore the possibilities of Raman spectroscopy in order to deduce information on the fatty acid composition of bacterial cells. Therefore, representative strains of two bacterial taxa were each cultured in different conditions and in parallel analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and gaschromatographic FAME analysis. Raman spectra of pure fatty acids were recorded and used as reference spectra.

Methods for extracting biochemical information from bacterial Raman spectra: an explorative study on Cupriavidus metallidurans.

In this study, we explore Raman spectra of bacteria for their biochemical information. Therefore, a database of biomolecules was used and several approaches were applied such as the study of difference spectra, the calculation dot products, the usage of coefficients obtained from an EMSC procedure and the application of 2D correlation spectroscopy. These methods were applied on a dataset containing Raman spectra of Cupriavidus metallidurans LMG 1195 in five stages of its growth, aiming to extract information about the evolution of cell components during growth.

Chemotaxonomical identification of spores of macrofungi: possibilities of Raman spectroscopy.

Confocal Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical method which is useful to obtain detailed information about the molecular composition of biological samples. Its high spatial resolution was used to collect spectra of single basidiospores of macrofungi of the genera Collybia, Gymnopus, Laccaria, Lactarius, Mycena and Russula. These spectra can be divided into three major taxon-related groups, with general compositional differences, such as the relative amount of lipids compared to proteins.

Raman spectroscopic monitoring of Lactarius latex.

Lactarius is a genus of Basidiomycotina with mainly agaricoid representatives, which are characterised by the excretion of a typical milky fluid. In particular, the colour, changes and taste of this latex-like milk are often used as a taxonomically important character. When it is exuded several chemical reactions occur.

Raman spectroscopic study of Lactarius spores (Russulales, Fungi).

Fungi are important organisms in ecosystems, in industrial and pharmaceutical production and are valuable food sources as well. Classical identification is often time-consuming and specialistic. In this study, Raman spectroscopy is applied to the analysis of fungal spores of Lactarius, an economically and ecologically important genus of Basidiomycota.