Characterizing Canine Frontal Electroencephalographic Patterns and Cardiovascular Correlates at Different Anesthetic Levels of Sevoflurane.

This study evaluated electroencephalogram [EEG] and cardiovascular correlation of sevoflurane anesthesia in healthy beagle dogs at varying minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples. Processed EEG indices (Patient State Index [PSI], burst suppression ratio [SR], and Spectral Edge Frequency [SEF95], cardiovascular parameters (mean blood pressure [MBP], heart rate [HR]), and responses to noxious (electrical) stimuli were recorded. Deep anesthesia (2.

The relationship between milk urea nitrogen content and urinary nitrogen excretion as determined in 4 Swiss dairy breeds.

Ammonia (NH) originating from agriculture substantially contributes to the environmental nitrogen load and threatens sensitive ecosystems by inducing eutrophication and acidification of the soil. To strategically minimize NH emissions, this study aimed to develop a model to predict urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion (g/d), the major NH source of cows of different dairy breeds, based on an easy-to-determine proxy as an on-farm tool. For that purpose, dietary characteristics were not considered.

Evaluating Midazolam's Influence on Bispectral Index and Propofol Concentrations Using Schnider and Eleveld Models in Target-Controlled Infusion General Anesthesia: A Prospective Observational Study.

Background: Midazolam is widely used in clinical anesthesia, but its effects on the Bispectral Index (BIS) and propofol concentration at the effector site (CeP) are underexplored. This study investigates the pharmacodynamic interaction between midazolam and propofol in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with target-controlled infusion (TCI), focusing on Schnider and Eleveld models.

Methods: This prospective study included breast surgery patients receiving TIVA-TCI.

Evaluation of different intramuscular injectable anesthetic combinations in rabbits: Impact on anesthetic depth, physiological parameters, and EEG recordings.

Rabbits have a high anesthesia-related mortality rate because of their small size, high metabolic rate and challenging airway management. This study aimed to investigate different combinations of intramuscularly administered anesthetics in New Zealand White rabbits, focusing on their effects on anesthetic depth, physiological parameters, and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Defined doses ketamine (K), esketamine (SK), medetomidine (M), dexmedetomidine (D), midazolam (Mi), and butorphanol (B) were investigated and compared in five different combinations: KM (25/0.

Postinterventional fetal aortic regurgitation: prevalence, outcome and effects on fetal circulation in large single-center cohort.

Objectives: To analyze the prevalence and severity of fetal aortic regurgitation (AR) after undergoing successful fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) and to evaluate its effects on fetal circulation and left ventricular (LV) growth.

Methods: This was a retrospective review of all fetuses with critical aortic stenosis who underwent successful FAV at our center between 2010 and 2024 for whom postnatal echocardiograms were available in digital format. Fetal and postnatal echocardiographic examinations were analyzed for ventricular and valvular dimensions and characteristics, and Z-scores were calculated for middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI), umbilical artery (UA) PI and cerebroplacental ratio.

Long-term outcome after repair of interrupted aortic arch in a single centre†.

Objectives: Mortality in patients with interrupted aortic arch (IAA) rates among the highest in congenital heart surgery. Various techniques for aortic arch repair are described; reintervention rates remain substantial. This retrospective single-centre study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome in a biventricular series with a preferably performed direct anastomosis and one-stage repair.

Impact of age on the reliability of GE Entropy™ module indices for guidance of maintenance of anaesthesia in adult patients: a single-centre retrospective analysis.

Background: The GE Entropy™ module uses frontal EEG to compute the processed indices state entropy (SE), response entropy (RE), and burst suppression ratio (BSR) to guide maintenance of anaesthesia by supposedly minimising overly 'deep' or 'light' anaesthesia. It remains unclear whether the manufacturer-recommended index ranges accurately reflect anaesthesia levels or prevent complications such as burst suppression or arousal reactions.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed 15 608 patient records, evaluating 14 770 adult patients (18-90 yr old) undergoing general anaesthesia.

Fine-Tuning the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(lactic Acid) Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of the BET Inhibitor JQ1: Influence of PVA Concentration.

The compounds targeting the bromo and extra terminal domain proteins (BET), such as the JQ1, present potent anti-cancer activity in preclinical models, however, the application of JQ1 at the clinical level is limited by its short half-life, rapid clearance, and non-selective inhibition of BET family proteins, leading to off-target effects and resistance. To address these challenges, the optimization of JQ1 delivery has been accomplished through polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles. PLA derivatives with varying molecular weights were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization using a zinc-based initiator and characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy.

Entropy of difference works similarly to permutation entropy for the assessment of anesthesia and sleep EEG despite the lower computational effort.

EEG monitoring during anesthesia or for diagnosing sleep disorders is a common standard. Different approaches for measuring the important information of this biosignal are used. The most often and efficient one for entropic parameters is permutation entropy as it can distinguish the vigilance states in the different settings.

Electroencephalogram monitoring during anesthesia and critical care: a guide for the clinician.

Perioperative anesthetic, surgical and critical careinterventions can affect brain physiology and overall brain health. The clinical utility of electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in anesthesia and intensive care settings is multifaceted, offering critical insights into the level of consciousness and depth of anesthesia, facilitating the titration of anesthetic doses, and enabling the detection of ischemic events and epileptic activity. Additionally, EEG monitoring can aid in predicting perioperative neurocognitive disorders, assessing the impact of systemic insults on cerebral function, and informing neuroprognostication.

Parametrization of the dying brain: A case report from ICU bed-side EEG monitoring.

Background: Cortical high-frequency activation immediately before death has been reported, raising questions about an enhanced conscious state at this critical time. Here, we analyzed an electroencephalogram (EEG) from a comatose patient during the dying process with a standard bedside monitor and spectral parameterization techniques.

Methods: We report neurophysiologic features of a dying patient without major cortical injury.

Aperiodic component of the electroencephalogram power spectrum reflects the hypnotic level of anaesthesia.

Background: Aperiodic (nonoscillatory) electroencephalogram (EEG) activity can be characterised by its power spectral density, which decays according to an inverse power law. Previous studies reported a shift in the spectral exponent α from consciousness to unconsciousness. We investigated the impact of aperiodic EEG activity on parameters used for anaesthesia monitoring to test the hypothesis that aperiodic EEG activity carries information about the hypnotic component of general anaesthesia.

Intraoperative Burst Suppression by Analysis of Raw Electroencephalogram Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults Undergoing Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Postoperative delirium is a common complication in older adults, associated with poor outcomes, morbidity, mortality, and higher health care costs. Older age is a strong predictor of delirium. Intraoperative burst suppression on the electroencephalogram (EEG) has also been linked to postoperative delirium and poor neurocognitive outcomes.

Ultrasound analysis of different forms of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children.

Background: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in children. It is mainly caused by Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic (EHEC; STEC-HUS) and is more rarely caused by uncontrolled complement activation (cHUS). Renal replacement therapy is frequently required and kidney function recovers in the majority of patients.

Effect of Ketamine on the Bispectral Index, Spectral Edge Frequency, and Surgical Pleth Index During Propofol-Remifentanil Anesthesia: An Observational Prospective Trial.

Background: Ketamine administration during stable propofol anesthesia is known to be associated with an increase in bispectral index (BIS) but a "deepening" in the level of hypnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the effect-site concentration of ketamine (CeK) and 2 electroencephalogram (EEG)-derived parameters, the BIS and spectral edge frequency (SEF95), after the administration of a ketamine bolus. Secondary aims included investigating the BIS and SEF95 variations with time and changes in the surgical pleth index (SPI).

Overcoming age: Slow anesthesia induction may prevent geriatric patients from developing burst suppression and help developing intraoperative EEG signatures of a younger brain.

Elderly patients are prone to develop postoperative neurocognitive deficits potentially precipitated by inadequate anesthetic management. To investigate the potential of EEG-guided individualized anesthetic titration we evaluated the effect of the patient's age on the spectral composition of the EEG during slow propofol induction. Twenty-six young (<65 years) and 25 old (≥65 years) patients received propofol until loss of responsiveness (LOR).

Electroencephalographic and Cardiovascular Assessments of Isoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs.

This study investigated the use of frontal electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor varying levels of isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. The patient state index (PSI), burst suppression ratio (SR), and waveforms, were continuously recorded while mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, responses to electric stimuli, and subjective anesthetic "depth" were assessed every 3 min. At deep anesthesia (2.

Fetal Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with Intact Atrial Septum: From Successful in utero Stenting to Subtotal Stent Occlusion - A Case Report.

Introduction: Fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and intact atrial septum (IAS) have an overall poor prognosis and a high risk of neonatal death due to severe secondary lung damage. Intrauterine stenting of the atrial septum was introduced in these patients to enable survival.

Case Presentation: We present a case of a HLHS fetus with IAS and signs of incipient nutmeg lung, in whom at 30 weeks gestation an atrial stent was successfully placed but continuously developed subtotal stent-obstruction over the next weeks.

Remote out-of-hours ultrasound live supervision in pediatrics - improvement of diagnostics and training.

Purpose: Ultrasound (US) is the preferred imaging modality in pediatrics for diagnostic and therapeutic issues. The absence of radiation and the constant on-site accessibility make it the ideal tool for children. However, despite remarkable technical advances in resolution and applicability, many sophisticated medical questions still require profound expertise on the part of the examiner, thus often hampering fast decisions particularly outside regular working hours.

Changes in Intra- and Cross-hemispheric Directed Functional Connectivity in the Electroencephalographic Signals during Propofol-induced Loss of Consciousness.

Background: Numerous, sometimes conflicting, changes in brain functional connectivity have been associated with the transition from wakefulness to unresponsiveness at induction of general anesthesia. However, relatively few studies have looked at the detailed time evolution of the transition, for different electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency bands, and in the clinical scenario of surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia.

Methods: The authors investigated the changes in the frontal and frontoparietal directed and undirected functional connectivity to multichannel EEG data recorded from 29 adult male surgical patients undergoing propofol-induced loss of consciousness during induction of anesthesia.

Preoperative biomarkers associated with delayed neurocognitive recovery.

To identify baseline biomarkers of delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) using monitors commonly used in anesthesia. In this sub-study of observational prospective cohorts, we evaluated adult patients submitted to general anesthesia in a tertiary academic center in the United States. Electroencephalographic (EEG) features and cerebral oximetry were assessed in the perioperative period.