Rhinovirus induces an anabolic reprogramming in host cell metabolism essential for viral replication.

Rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for the majority of upper airway infections; despite their high prevalence and the resulting economic burden, effective treatment is lacking. We report here that RV induces metabolic alterations in host cells, which offer an efficient target for antiviral intervention. We show that RV-infected cells rapidly up-regulate glucose uptake in a PI3K-dependent manner.

Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems.

Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.

A controlled aquatic ecological life support system (CAELSS) for combined production of fish and higher plant biomass suitable for integration into a lunar or planetary base.

Based on the construction principle of the already operative Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.

Animal protein production modules in biological life support systems: novel combined aquaculture techniques based on the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.).

Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.

C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE: test results of an artificial (man-made) aquatic ecosystem.

The original Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.

C.E.B.A.S.-AQUARACK project: the Mini-Module as tool in artificial ecosystem research.

The evolution of the C.E.B.

Bioregenerative life support as self-sustaining ecosystem in space.

Recent results of research on the development of biological systems and the related technologies for life support ecosystem in space have been reviewed. The integration of higher plants and algal subsystems and the technologies for food and atmospheric regeneration, water reclamation as waste recycling are the aspects which have been dealt with and need critical evaluation before they can be tested in space. The adaptation of living organisms and their ability to multiply and regenerate in space environment during long duration missions is one of the important criteria for their final selection.

C.E.B.A.S.-AQUARACK: second generation hardware and latest scientific results.

A second version of the C.E.B.

The C.E.B.A.S.-Aquarack project: the laboratory prototype and first results of the scientific frame program.

The paper explains the basic conception of a "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.

Responses of the photosynthetic flagellate, Euglena gracilis, to hypergravity.

Motility and orientation has been studied in the unicellular photosynthetic flagellate, Euglena gracilis, using real time image analysis capable of tracking up to 200 cells simultaneously in the slow rotating centrifuge microscope (NIZEMI) which allows one to observe the cells' swimming behavior during centrifugation accelerations between 1 g and 5 g. At 1 g the cells show a weak negative gravitaxis, which increases significantly at higher accelerations up to about 3 g. Though most cells were capable of swimming even against an acceleration of 4.

Compartmented metabolite pools in protoplasts from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: changes after transition from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis in the dark.

A rapid fractionation method for determination of metabolite levels in the chloroplast and the extrachloroplast compartment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been developed. Protoplasts containing one large chloroplast were fractionated by passing them through a multilayer gradient containing digitonin, polyacrylamide, and a mixture of silicone oil and bromodecane. Lysis of the plasma membrane and the separation of the chloroplasts from most of the extrachloroplast material was achieved within less than 5 s.

Orientation of the photosynthetic flagellate, Peridinium gatunense, in hypergravity.

The photosynthetic freshwater flagellate, Peridinium gatunense, uses both positive phototaxis and negative gravitaxis to move upwards in the water column. At higher fluence rates approaching those at the surface of their habitat, the cells tend to become unoriented and thus stop their upward movement. Orientation and motility of Peridinium gatunense has been studied in the slow rotating centrifuge microscope (NIZEMI), which allows observation of swimming behavior during centrifugation acceleration between 1 g and 5g.

German CELSS research with emphasis on the C.E.B.A.S.-project.

In general the German CELSS research program covers both animal and plant systems. In the field of botany a higher plant growth unit is disposed. The construction of a continuous culture device for unicellular algae in long-term multi-generation experiments will start in 1990.

Plans and future directions of the German life sciences program.

The German life sciences program covers three disciplines: 1) medicine, 2) biology, and 3) biological processing. The overall objectives are to acquire expertise in manned flight techniques and to enable scientists to conduct qualified scientific research by use of the specific space environment. To achieve these goals the German government provides the scientific community with national and international flight opportunities.

Kinetic properties of a sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase purified from the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

A sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.

Photosynthesis and apparent affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon by cells and chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown at high and low CO2 concentrations.

Chloroplasts with high rates of photosynthetic O2 evolution (up to 120 μmol O2· (mg Chl)(-1)·h(-1) compared with 130 μmol O2· (mg Chl)(-1)·h(-1) of whole cells) were isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells grown in high and low CO2 concentrations using autolysine-digitonin treatment. At 25° C and pH=7.8, no O2 uptake could be observed in the dark by high- and low-CO2 adapted chloroplasts.

Pyruvate degradation via pyruvate formate-lyase (EC 2.3.1.54) and the enzymes of formate fermentation in the green alga Chlorogonium elongatum.

Formate was formed in extracts of Chlorogonium elongatum via direct cleavage of pyruvate by a pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL, EC 2.3.1.

Interaction of D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate with yeast phosphofructokinase and its influence on glycolytic oscillations.

Fermentation of D-fructose- and D-glucose induced glycolytic oscillations of different period lengths in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Recent studies suggested, that D-fructose or one of its metabolites interacted with phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructo-6-phosphate 1-phosphofructokinase, EC 2.7.

Allosteric activation and competitive inhibition of yeast phosphofructokinase by d-fructose.

Purified phosphofructokinase from bakers yeast is activated by D-fructose in low concentrations (up to 1 mM) and inhibited by high concentrations. The stimulatory effect of D-fructose is similar, but smaller than that of AMP. In the presence of AMP (0.