Three distinct gamma oscillatory networks within cortical columns in macaque monkeys' area V1.

Introduction: A fundamental property of the neocortex is its columnar organization in many species. Generally, neurons of the same column share stimulus preferences and have strong anatomical connections across layers. These features suggest that neurons within a column operate as one unified network.

Short-term outcomes of the study of refeeding to optimize inpatient gains for patients with atypical anorexia nervosa.

Objective: The StRONG trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of higher calorie refeeding (HCR) in hospitalized adolescents and young adults with malnutrition secondary to restrictive eating disorders. Here we compare refeeding outcomes in patients with atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) versus anorexia nervosa (AN) and examine the impact of caloric dose.

Method: Patients were enrolled upon admission and randomized to meal-based HCR, beginning 2000 kcal/day and advancing 200 kcal/day, or lower calorie refeeding (LCR), beginning 1400 kcal/day and advancing 200 kcal every other day.

Course and outcome in individuals with atypical anorexia nervosa: Findings from the Study of Refeeding to Optimize iNpatient Gains (StRONG).

Objective: We previously reported that participants with atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) had higher historical and admission weights, greater eating disorder psychopathology, but similar rates of amenorrhea and weight suppression at baseline as compared to anorexia nervosa (AN); here, we compare 1-year outcomes.

Method: Weight, % median body mass index (%mBMI), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores, resumption of menses, and rehospitalizations were examined at 3, 6, and 12 months post-discharge. Analyses (N = 111) compared changes in %mBMI, weight suppression, and EDE-Q scores over time between atypical AN and AN.

Parental self-efficacy: Longitudinal impact on clinical outcomes across levels of care in adolescent anorexia nervosa.

Objective: Parental self-efficacy in the domain of weight restoration for adolescents with restrictive eating disorders is central to success in family-based interventions. We sought to characterize this parental self-efficacy during a brief hospitalization for medical stabilization and follow-up among patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical AN (AAN) enrolled in the StRONG clinical trial to understand the potential impact of inpatient treatment on caregiver empowerment.

Methods: Patients were enrolled upon hospital admission and refed per protocol.

Hospital-based higher calorie refeeding and mealtime distress in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa.

Objective: The StRONG study demonstrated that higher calorie refeeding (HCR) restored medical stability faster in patients hospitalized with anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN (AAN), with no increased safety events compared with standard-of-care lower calorie refeeding (LCR). However, some clinicians have expressed concern about potential unintended consequences of HCR (e.g.

Monitoring and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

The availability of effective vaccines and a high vaccination rate allowed the recent mitigation, or even withdrawal, of many protective measures for containing the SARS CoV-2 pandemic. At the same time, new and highly mutated variants of the virus are found to have significantly higher transmissibility and reduced vaccine efficacy, thus causing high infection rates during the third year of the pandemic. The combination of reduced measures and increased infectivity poses a particular risk for unvaccinated individuals, including animals susceptible to the virus.

Blood Analysis of Laboratory Used for Neuroscience Research: Investigation of Long-Term and Cumulative Effects of Implants, Fluid Control, and Laboratory Procedures.

The nonhuman primate (NHP) constitutes an extraordinarily important model in neuroscience research for understanding the neuronal underpinnings of perceptual, motor, cognitive, and executive functions of the primate brain, and to study the physiological causes, effects, and potential treatments of brain disorders. Because of their cognitive capabilities, NHPs receive special attention in animal welfare regulations around the world, and their well-being is a benchmark for the evaluation, monitoring, and refinement of experimental procedures. As a consequence, many typical neuroscientific procedures are considered only mildly severe by animal welfare boards.

Higher-Calorie Refeeding in Anorexia Nervosa: 1-Year Outcomes From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background And Objectives: We recently reported the short-term results of this trial revealing that higher-calorie refeeding (HCR) restored medical stability earlier, with no increase in safety events and significant savings associated with shorter length of stay, in comparison with lower-calorie refeeding (LCR) in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Here, we report the 1-year outcomes, including rates of clinical remission and rehospitalizations.

Methods: In this multicenter, randomized controlled trial, eligible patients admitted for medical instability to 2 tertiary care eating disorder programs were randomly assigned to HCR (2000 kcals per day, increasing by 200 kcals per day) or LCR (1400 kcals per day, increasing by 200 kcals every other day) within 24 hours of admission and followed-up at 10 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post discharge.

Visual Stimulus Content in V4 Is Conveyed by Gamma-Rhythmic Information Packages.

Selective visual attention allows the brain to focus on behaviorally relevant information while ignoring irrelevant signals. As a possible mechanism, routing-by-synchronization was proposed: neural populations receiving attended signals align their gamma-rhythmic activity to that of the sending populations, such that incoming spikes arrive at excitability peaks of receiving populations, enhancing signal transfer. Conversely, non-attended signals arrive unaligned to the receiver's oscillation, reducing signal transfer.

Short-term Outcomes of the Study of Refeeding to Optimize Inpatient Gains for Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The standard of care for refeeding inpatients with anorexia nervosa, starting with low calories and advancing cautiously, is associated with slow weight gain and protracted hospital stay. Limited data suggest that higher-calorie refeeding improves these outcomes with no increased risk of refeeding syndrome.

Objective: To compare the short-term efficacy, safety, and cost of lower-calorie vs higher-calorie refeeding for malnourished adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa.

Author Correction: Relative configuration of micrograms of natural compounds using proton residual chemical shift anisotropy.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Relative configuration of micrograms of natural compounds using proton residual chemical shift anisotropy.

3D molecular structure determination is a challenge for organic compounds or natural products available in minute amounts. Proton/proton and proton/carbon correlations yield the constitution. J couplings and NOEs oftentimes supported by one-bond H,C residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) or by C residual chemical shift anisotropies (RCSAs) provide the relative configuration.

H and C NMR-Based Enantiodetection Using Polyacetylene versus Polypeptide Aligning Media: Versatile and Complementary Tools for Chemists.

Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Dr. Philippe Lesot (DR CNRS) at Université Paris-Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, France, and Professor Michael Reggelin at TU Darmstadt, Germany. The cover shows the proton-decoupled natural abundance deuterium (NAD-{ H}) Q-resolved Fz 2D-NMR spectrum of (±)-3-methylhexane measured in the anisotropic lyotropic chiral liquid-crystalline phase formed by a concentrated solution of a helically chiral polyarylacetylene in chloroform solvent.

H and C NMR-Based Enantiodetection Using Polyacetylene versus Polypeptide Aligning Media: Versatile and Complementary Tools for Chemists.

In this work, the practical/analytical potential of an L-valine-derived polyacetylene (PLA) lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) is examined to spectrally discriminate enantiomers (racemic mixture) or enantiotopic directions of a large collection (23) of (pro)chiral model compounds (from rigid to flexible and polar to apolar ones), thus covering various important aspects of enantiomorphism. Experimental H-{ H} (deuterated analytes and at natural abundance level) and C-{ H} NMR results are discussed in terms of the difference of H-RQCs or C-RCSAs and compared to those obtained in polypeptide-type LLCs (PBLG). The analysis of the NMR results provides an overview of the enantiodifferentiation capabilities of PLA and gives useful/practical hints for the chemist to select the most appropriate chiral oriented system.

A novel approach for removing micro-stimulation artifacts and reconstruction of broad-band neuronal signals.

Background: Electrical stimulation is a widely used method in the neurosciences with a variety of application fields. However, stimulation frequently induces large and long-lasting artifacts, which superimpose on the actual neuronal signal. Existing methods were developed for analyzing fast events such as spikes, but are not well suited for the restoration of LFP signals.

Weight Loss and Illness Severity in Adolescents With Atypical Anorexia Nervosa.

Background: Lower weight has historically been equated with more severe illness in anorexia nervosa (AN). Reliance on admission weight to guide clinical concern is challenged by the rise in patients with atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) requiring hospitalization at normal weight.

Methods: We examined weight history and illness severity in 12- to 24-year-olds with AN ( = 66) and AAN ( = 50) in a randomized clinical trial, the Study of Refeeding to Optimize Inpatient Gains (www.

Visual epidural field potentials possess high functional specificity in single trials.

Recordings of epidural field potentials (EFPs) allow neuronal activity to be acquired over a large region of cortical tissue with minimal invasiveness. Because electrodes are placed on top of the dura and do not enter the neuronal tissue, EFPs offer intriguing options for both clinical and basic science research. On the other hand, EFPs represent the integrated activity of larger neuronal populations and possess a higher trial-by-trial variability and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio due the additional barrier of the dura.

Optimizing the Yield of Multi-Unit Activity by Including the Entire Spiking Activity.

Neurophysiological data acquisition using multi-electrode arrays and/or (semi-) chronic recordings frequently has to deal with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of neuronal responses and potential failure of detecting evoked responses within random background fluctuations. Conventional methods to extract action potentials (spikes) from background noise often apply thresholds to the recorded signal, usually allowing reliable detection of spikes when data exhibit a good SNR, but often failing when SNR is poor. We here investigate a threshold-independent, fast, and automated procedure for analysis of low SNR data, based on fullwave-rectification and low-pass filtering the signal as a measure of the entire spiking activity (ESA).

Silicon-Based Microfabrication of Free-Floating Neural Probes and Insertion Tool for Chronic Applications.

Bidirectional neural interfaces for multi-channel, high-density recording and electrical stimulation of neural activity in the central nervous system are fundamental tools for neuroscience and medical applications. Especially for clinical use, these electrical interfaces must be stable over several years, which is still a major challenge due to the foreign body response of neural tissue. A feasible solution to reduce this inflammatory response is to enable a free-floating implantation of high-density, silicon-based neural probes to avoid mechanical coupling between the skull and the cortex during brain micromotion.

Attention Configures Synchronization Within Local Neuronal Networks for Processing of the Behaviorally Relevant Stimulus.

The need for fast and dynamic processing of relevant information imposes high demands onto the flexibility and efficiency of the nervous system. A good example for such flexibility is the attention-dependent selection of relevant sensory information. Studies investigating attentional modulations of neuronal responses to simultaneously arriving input showed that neurons respond, as if only the attended stimulus would be present within their receptive fields (RF).

Attention Selectively Gates Afferent Signal Transmission to Area V4.

Selective attention allows focusing on only part of the incoming sensory information. Neurons in the extrastriate visual cortex reflect such selective processing when different stimuli are simultaneously present in their large receptive fields. Their spiking response then resembles the response to the attended stimulus when presented in isolation.

Task-specific, dimension-based attentional shaping of motion processing in monkey area MT.

Nonspatially selective attention is based on the notion that specific features or objects in the visual environment are effectively prioritized in cortical visual processing. Feature-based attention (FBA), in particular, is a well-studied process that dynamically and selectively addresses neurons preferentially processing the attended feature attribute (e.g.

Implications for a Wireless, External Device System to Study Electrocorticography.

Implantable neuronal interfaces to the brain are an important keystone for future medical applications. However, entering this field of research is difficult since such an implant requires components from many different areas of technology. Since the complete avoidance of wires is important due to the risk of infections and other long-term problems, means for wirelessly transmitting data and energy are a necessity which adds to the requirements.

In-vitro evaluation of the long-term stability of PEDOT:PSS coated microelectrodes for chronic recording and electrical stimulation of neurons.

For the chronic application of neural prostheses long-term stable microelectrodes for electrical stimulation are essential. In recent years many developments were done to investigate different appropriate materials for these electrodes. One of these materials is the electrical conductive polymer PEDOT, which has low impedance and high charge injection capacity.

Screening ubiquitin specific protease activities using chemically synthesized ubiquitin and ubiquitinated peptides.

Ubiquitin, a 76 amino acid protein, is a key component that contributes to cellular protein homeostasis. The specificity of this modification is due to a series of enzymes: ligases, attaching the ubiquitin to a lysine, and deubiquitinases, which remove it. More than a hundred of such proteins are implicated in the regulation of protein turnover.