Autoimmune and infectious encephalitis: development of a discriminative tool for early diagnosis and initiation of therapy.

Background: Encephalitis originates from diverse autoimmune and infectious etiologies. Diagnostic challenges arise due to the spectrum of presentation and the frequent absence of specific biomarkers. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize and differentiate autoimmune encephalitis (AE) from infectious encephalitis (IE) in adults, and disentangle clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic differences.

Short- and long-term outcome and predictors in an international cohort of patients with neuro-COVID-19.

Background And Purpose: Despite the increasing number of reports on the spectrum of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 (neuro-COVID), few studies have assessed short- and long-term outcome of the disease.

Methods: This is a cohort study enrolling adult patients with neuro-COVID seen in neurological consultation. Data were collected prospectively or retrospectively in the European Academy of Neurology NEuro-covid ReGistrY ((ENERGY).

Patients with breakthrough tick-borne encephalitis suffer a more severe clinical course and display extensive magnetic resonance imaging changes.

Background And Purpose: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a common viral disease in central Europe and Asia. Severe or even lethal neurological symptoms may ensue. With limited therapeutic options, active vaccination against the TBE virus (TBEV) is strongly recommended in endemic areas.

Evaluation of Clinical and Paraclinical Findings for the Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune and Infectious Encephalitis.

The differential diagnosis of autoimmune and infectious encephalitis is notoriously difficult. For this study, we compare the presenting clinical symptoms and paraclinical test results of autoimmune and infectious encephalitis patients. A clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis has recently been published.

Interferon-alpha controls IL-17 expression in vitro and in vivo.

The type I interferons interferon alpha (IFNalpha) and IFNbeta are the first line of defense potently induced upon viral infection, and at the same time are immunomodulatory cytokines bridging innate and adaptive immunity. T cells secreting interleukin-17 (IL-17) have recently been identified to regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease, and are considered to regulate the inflammatory response in these models. We therefore hypothesized that type I IFNs as sentinels of viral infection might counteract the development of Th17 cells.

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