Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System.

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. The potential adverse health effects of electronic cigarette vapor (E-vapor) exposure are poorly defined.

Effects of stretch or distention on phenylephrine-induced constriction of human coronary artery bypass grafts.

Objective: To determine the effects of grafting saphenous veins into the arterial circulation and to compare the responsiveness of saphenous veins and mammary arteries to vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine or potassium) and a vasodilator (the calcium antagonist isradipine).

Design: Prospective, controlled, in vitro study.

Setting: Laboratory facility in a university teaching hospital.

Direct effects of triiodothyronine on human internal mammary artery and saphenous veins.

Objective: Thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine is under investigation as a positive inotrope and vasodilator for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This study determined the direct effects of triiodothyronine on human blood vessels.

Design: Prospective, controlled, in vitro study.

Antigen-specific inhibition of the IL-2-driven proliferation of myelin basic protein-reactive, human T cells.

This report examines the antigen-specific inhibition of the IL-2-driven proliferation of autoantigen-reactive, human T cells. Human, myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive CD4+ cell lines and clones were isolated and maintained in culture by use of IL-2 and periodic antigen stimulation. When freshly isolated antigen-presenting cells (APC) were present, MBP induced proliferation of MBP-reactive T cell populations.

Effects of intravenous perfluorocarbon and oxygen breathing on acute decompression sickness in the hamster.

Anesthetized female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were divided into 3 experimental groups with 16 animals in each group. After control arterial blood pressure and ECG recordings, the animals were placed in a hyperbaric chamber for 30 min at 7 ATA and then decompressed directly to the surface at a rate of 60 fsw/min. After their removal from the chamber, animals were either not treated (group 1); given i.

Isolation of P2 protein--reactive T-cell lines from human blood.

Human T-cell lines reactive with the peripheral nerve myelin protein, P2 protein, were isolated from the peripheral blood of 4 normal persons and 1 patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome. These predominantly helper phenotype T-cell lines were isolated and maintained in vitro by antigen stimulation followed by culture with interleukin 2. Myelin basic protein-reactive T cells were also isolated in parallel from the same subjects as antigen specificity controls.

Behavior therapy and the elderly: a conceptual and ethical analysis.

This article examines several dimensions of the conceptual framework of the behavioral approach to the treatment of the elderly's problems in living that require emphasis. These dimensions are: 1) Within the behavioral approach behavior is viewed as not being a function of discontinuous, developmental stages each with a unique set of psychological processes; chronological age therefore is considered not to be a causal variable in psychological development, but rather a pure index of only certain physical events; 2) The level of analysis of the behavioral approach to the problems of the elderly is that of molar behavior, and therefore explanations which appeal to other levels of observation, described in different terms and measured in different dimensions, are not considered to be part of this approach; 3) The molar behavior of the elderly is viewed as a function of the contingencies of reinforcement, and behavior that is labeled abnormal is viewed as not quantitatively nor qualitatively different in its development and maintenance from other learned behavior; and 4) Behavior therapy, like all therapies, is a value-laden enterprise in which ends as well as means can be explicated and critically examined. Behavior therapy, in which the involvement of the elderly in the determination of treatment goals is maximized and in which the ability of the elderly to influence and design their environments is enhanced, is advocated.

Human cellular immune response to copolymer I and myelin basic protein.

Copolymer I (Cop I) is being tested as a treatment for MS because it protects animals against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and because there is immunologic cross-reactivity reported between Cop I and myelin basic protein (MBP). From the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four normal individuals, we isolated helper-phenotype T-cell lines that reacted in vitro with Cop I or MBP. Cop I-reactive cell lines did not respond to MBP, nor did MBP-reactive T-cell lines respond to Cop I.

Community psychologies and values: the importance of being urnless.

This paper is a response to the Rappaport (1984) and Attneave (1984) commentaries on the O'Donohue, Hanley, and Krasner (1984) article on the value contexts of the community psychologies. We have focused on similarities and differences between our positions and those of Rappaport and Attneave. We are all in agreement that behavioral community psychology is not value free, a point which is emphasized in our earlier paper.

Toward the explication of the value contexts of the community psychologies.

Value issues are inseparable from any scientific pursuit and they become particularly influential in the applied scientific areas of community and behavioral community psychology. The explication of value positions is one way of dealing positively with the ubiquity of value issues. The role of values in community mental health, community psychology, and behavioral community psychology are contrasted.

Implications for concepts of psychopathology of studies of economic principles in behavior therapy programs.

In several studies of token economies, it has been observed repeatedly that chronic psychiatric patients conform to the same economic principles as explain the activities of presumably normal participants in the national consumer economy. Such observations are consistent with behavior therapy's assumptions that those labeled mentally ill follow the same psychological and social lows as those considered normal and that behavior is responsive to specific situational determinants. Although they disprove nothing, these observations may pose problems for more traditional approaches which view psychopathology as the result of central disorders or deficits with diffuse effects across a wide range of ordinary life situations.