The Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort: A Longitudinal, Multicentric, Observational Cohort to Study Course and Causes of Kidney Stone Disease in Switzerland.

Background: Kidney stone disease has a high prevalence worldwide of approximately 10% of the population and is characterized by a high recurrence rate. Kidney stone disease results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors, and the dissection of these factors is complex.

Methods: The Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort (SKSC) is an investigator-initiated prospective, multicentric longitudinal, observational study in patients with kidney stones followed with regular visits over a period of 3 years after inclusion.

Differentiation of meat species of raw and processed meat based on polar metabolites using H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis.

Meat species of raw meat and processed meat products were investigated by H NMR spectroscopy with subsequent multivariate data analysis. Sample preparation was based on aqueous extraction combined with ultrafiltration in order to reduce macromolecular components in the extracts. H NMR data was analyzed by using a non-targeted approach followed by principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), and cross-validation (CV) embedded in a Monte Carlo (MC) resampling approach.

Nontargeted Analysis of Lipid Extracts Using H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Discriminate between the Animal Species of Raw and Processed Meat.

The animal species of raw meat and processed meat products was determined by H NMR spectroscopy with subsequent multivariate data analysis. Sample preparation was based on comprehensive lipid extraction to capture nonpolar and polar (amphiphilic) fat components of meat. A nontargeted approach was used to analyze the H NMR data, followed by a principal component analysis, linear discrimination analysis, and cross-validation embedded in a Monte Carlo re-sampling approach.

Phosphate intake, hyperphosphatemia, and kidney function.

Phosphate is essential in living organisms and its blood levels are regulated by a complex network involving the kidneys, intestine, parathyroid glands, and the skeleton. The crosstalk between these organs is executed primarily by three hormones, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23. Largely due to a higher intake of ultraprocessed foods, dietary phosphate intake has increased in the last decades.

Dietary vitamin D interacts with high phosphate-induced cardiac remodeling in rats with normal renal function.

Background: Vitamin D (VD) and phosphate (Pi) load are considered as contributors to cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease and the general population, but interactive effects of VD and Pi intake on the heart are not clearly illustrated.

Methods: We fed normal male rats with three levels of dietary VD (100, 1100 or 5000 IU/kg chow) and Pi (0.2, 0.

Quality and cost considerations in hyponatraemic patients needing hospitalisation.

Background: Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in hospitalised patients and has an impact on outcome and survival. However, the risk factors are not yet sufficiently known.

Aims Of The Study: This retrospective analysis was conducted with the primary objective to identify the incidence of hyponatraemia in patients, who need hospitalisation from any medical reason, focusing on the quality of treatment and the risk factors for recurrent or prolonged stay due to hyponatraemia.

A Controlled Increase in Dietary Phosphate Elevates BP in Healthy Human Subjects.

Despite epidemiologic evidence for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with both high dietary and serum phosphate in humans with normal renal function, no controlled phosphate intervention studies of systemic hemodynamics have been reported. Higher serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels are associated with better cardiovascular outcomes, but vitamin D increases intestinal phosphate absorption. We conducted a prospective outpatient study with blinded assessment in 20 young adults with normal renal function randomized to high phosphate (regular diet plus 1 mmol/kg body wt per day of Na as neutral sodium phosphate) or low phosphate (regular diet plus lanthanum, 750 mg thrice/day, plus 0.

Effects of potassium citrate or potassium chloride in patients with combined glucose intolerance: A placebo-controlled pilot study.

Background: Experimental K(+) depletion reversibly inhibits insulin secretion, while chronic metabolic acidosis decreases insulin sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the effects of potassium supplementation and alkali supplementation in non-acidotic, normokalemic humans with combined glucose intolerance.

Study Design And Results: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 11 subjects (7 male, 4 female, ages 47-63 years), 90meqs of oral KCl or Kcitrate per day for 2weeks each increased insulin production as measured by homeostasis model assessment Beta [KCl=86 (CI 81-91), Kcitrate=88 (82-94), placebo=78 (73-83)%, p<0.

The human response to acute enteral and parenteral phosphate loads.

The human response to acute phosphate (PO4) loading is poorly characterized, and it is unknown whether an intestinal phosphate sensor mechanism exists. Here, we characterized the human mineral and endocrine response to parenteral and duodenal acute phosphate loads. Healthy human participants underwent 36 hours of intravenous (IV; 1.

Effect of large doses of parenteral vitamin D on glycaemic control and calcium/phosphate metabolism in patients with stable type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, prospective pilot study.

Objective: Vitamin D (D₃) status is reported to correlate negatively with insulin production and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few placebo-controlled intervention data are available. We aimed to assess the effect of large doses of parenteral D3 on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(₁c)) and estimates of insulin action (homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance: HOMA-IR) in patients with stable T2DM.

Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on bone density and bone architecture in vivo in rats.

Chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA) might result in a decrease in vivo in bone mass based on its reported in vitro inhibition of bone mineralization, bone formation, or stimulation of bone resorption, but such data, in the absence of other disorders, have not been reported. CMA also results in negative nitrogen balance, which might decrease skeletal muscle mass. This study analyzed the net in vivo effects of CMA's cellular and physicochemical processes on bone turnover, trabecular and cortical bone density, and bone microarchitecture using both peripheral quantitative computed tomography and μCT.

Effect of potassium citrate on bone density, microarchitecture, and fracture risk in healthy older adults without osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial.

Context: The acid load imposed by a modern diet may play an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the skeletal efficacy and safety and the effect on fracture prediction of K-citrate to neutralize diet-induced acid loads.

Design And Setting: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at a teaching hospital.

Role of endothelin-1 in renal regulation of acid-base equilibrium in acidotic humans.

Endothelin-1 inhibits collecting duct sodium reabsorption and stimulates proximal and distal tubule acidification in experimental animals both directly and indirectly via increased mineralocorticoid activity. Diet-induced acid loads have been shown to increase renal endothelin-1 activity, and it is hypothesized that increased dietary acid-induced endothelin-1 activity may be a causative progression factor in human renal insufficiency and that this might be reversed by provision of dietary alkali. We sought to clarify, in normal human volunteers, the role of endothelin-1 in renal acidification and to determine whether the effect is dependent on dietary sodium chloride.

Effects of acidogenic diet forms on musculoskeletal function.

Chronic metabolic acidosis exerts well-characterized consequences on musculoskeletal function, including physicochemical dissolution of bone with calcium loss from bone, cellular effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts and disturbed bone matrix mineralization. These mechanisms are responsible for the acidotic bone phenotype with features of both osteoporosis and osteomalacia. In addition, loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia and negative nitrogen balance are consequences of metabolic acidosis.

Process of care events in transplantation: effects on the cost of hospitalization.

Deviations in the processes of healthcare delivery that affect patient outcomes are recognized to have an impact on the cost of hospitalization. Whether deviations that do not affect patient outcome affects cost has not been studied. We have analyzed process of care (POC) events that were reported in a large transplantation service (n = 3,012) in 2005, delineating whether or not there was a health consequence of the event and assessing the impact on hospital resource utilization.

Arterial hypertension induced by erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA).

This review summarizes the evidence for a hypertensinogenic effect of Erythropoietin (Epo) in normal human subjects and predialysis, hemodialysis, and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. The possible mechanisms of Epo-induced hypertension are examined with in vivo animal and in vitro data, as well as pathophysiological human studies in both normal subjects and CKD patients. The evidence for a hypertensinogenic effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in normal subjects, predialysis CKD, hemodialysis, and CAPD patients is compelling.

[It is more difficult to smash a prejudice than an atom].

The death of a 17-year-old patient caused by hypokalemia-induced arrhythmia illustrates the tragic dangers of the current paranoid preoccupation, particularly of young women, with physical beauty and low body weight. This case also reminds the reader that modern textbooks are not always sufficiently reliable. An intellectual approach how to circumvent diagnostic misinterpretation even in the context of misleading textbook information is proposed.

Renal and extrarenal regulation of potassium.

The ISN Forefronts in Nephrology Symposium took place 8-11 September 2005 in Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland. It was dedicated to the memory of Robert W. Berliner, who died at age 86 on 5 February 2002.

Interrelationships among hypoxia-inducible factor biology and acid-base equilibrium.

In this article, we try to summarize the most important novel biological information on the complex interrelationships between acid-base alterations and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling. Extracellular and intracellular acid-base alterations affect HIF signaling in part independently of hypoxia, and involve, among others, effects on cytoprotection and apoptosis. Conversely, HIF signaling may affect systemic and local acid production rates and has been implicated in the mechanism of the acute hyperventilatory response (ie, respiratory alkalosis) in response to hypoxia as well as for hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), although the latter data are quite preliminary and can be explained by alternative mechanisms.

Partial neutralization of the acidogenic Western diet with potassium citrate increases bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

Chronic acid loads are an obligate consequence of the high animal/grain protein content of the Western diet. The effect of this diet-induced metabolic acidosis on bone mass is controversial. In a randomized, prospective, controlled, double-blind trial, 161 postmenopausal women (age 58.

Cytologically malignant lymphoid pericardial effusion with benign clinical outcome.

Background: Isolated malignant pericardial effusion is a manifestation of primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), rare types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The diagnosis is based on different cytological methods and analyses including DNA-image cytometry (ICM-DNA). DNA-aneuploidy has been reported to be highly specific for malignancy.