Rearing fly larvae on various substrates: nutrient composition of larvae and frass.

Management solutions for waste in southern Thailand, such as fly larvae, are tested in a laboratory using different substrates and wastes from the Thai agricultural sector. The nutritional content of the immature stages of Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, especially their protein and fat contents, makes them a potential animal feed. Laboratory strains of M.

Preferences for livestock bedding as a development substrate of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and potential application of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling stable fly larvae.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant insect pest with global veterinary implications due to its capacity to both cause nuisance and transmit disease-causing pathogens to livestock. This study aimed to determine the livestock bedding preferred for use as a development substrate by S.

Chemical Profiles and Lethal Toxicities of Native Botanical Insecticides for the Control of Musca domestica Linnaeus and Stomoxys indicus Picard (Diptera: Muscidae) in Songkhla Province, Thailand.

Livestock farming is currently reducing the use of synthetic insecticides because of the development of resistance in insect pests. Plant-based bioinsecticides are considered alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Therefore, the present study investigated the chemical composition and discriminating concentrations (DCs) of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (L.

Pyrethroid Susceptibility in and (Diptera: Muscidae) Collected from Cattle Farms in Southern Thailand.

The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for two stable fly species- (Linnaeus, 1758) and Picard, 1908 (Diptera: Muscidae)-through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of were collected from the Songkhla and Phattalung provinces, while were collected from the Phattalung and Satun provinces in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min, and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 h and 24 h were recorded.

Effect of Different Wall Surface Coverage With Deltamethrin-Treated Netting on the Reduction of Indoor-Biting Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Indoor residual spray with deltamethrin remains the most common tool for reducing malaria transmission in Thailand. Deltamethrin is commonly used to spray the entire inner surfaces of the walls to prevent mosquitoes from resting. This study compared the mosquito landing responses on humans inside three experimental huts treated with deltamethrin at three different extents of wall coverage (25%, 50%, and full coverage), with one clean/untreated hut serving as a control.

Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Susceptibility Status to Agrochemical Insecticides Used in Durian Planting Systems in Southern Thailand.

High rates of dengue morbidity occur in southern Thailand. The intensive application of insecticides in orchards could affect not only agricultural insect pests, but also nontarget mosquitoes or beneficial insects. In this study, the type and quantity of insecticides commonly used across durian plantations in southern Thailand were characterized, along with the population density of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae).

Bacterial Microbiome in Wild-Caught Mosquitoes in Western Thailand.

Among the complex microbial community living in the mosquito midgut, some bacteria (e.g., spp.

Behavioral Action of Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin in Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for Control Strategies in Thailand.

Contact irritant (locomotor excitation) and noncontact spatial repellent avoidance behavior to deltamethrin and cypermethrin at dosages 0.025, 0.05, and 0.

Species Composition and Abundance of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Peninsular Thailand.

Stable fly collections were conducted to study the species composition and daytime activity of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Peninsular Thailand (Songkhla, Trang, Pattalung, Nakon Si Thammarat, and Satun provinces). Vavoua traps were used for fly collections in wet and dry seasons each year.

Phenotypic susceptibility to pyrethroids and organophosphate of wild Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southwestern France.

Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important vector of lumpy skin disease and bovine besnoitiosis in Europe. Control of this biting fly could represent a keystone in the containment of this emerging disease. Reports of insecticide resistance in S.

Optimal Discriminating Concentrations of Six Synthetic Pyrethroids for Monitoring Insecticide Susceptibility in Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae), a Primary Malaria Vector in Thailand.

Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne disease transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. Seven species of Anopheles are important malaria vectors in Thailand and all remain susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides, despite decades of use in public health mosquito control programs. However, for a more refined and accurate approach to temporal monitoring of susceptibility patterns to commonly used pyrethroids to control adult Anopheles mosquitoes, it is preferred to have specific concentrations for more discriminating testing.

Insecticidal and Behavioral Avoidance Responses of Anopheles minimus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Three Synthetic Repellents.

Escape responses, knockdown (KD), and toxicity of laboratory strains of Anopheles minimus Theobald and Culex quinquefasciatus Say to three synthetic mosquito repellents, DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), IR3535, or picaridin, at 5% v/v concentrations, were evaluated using repellent-treated papers in standard WHO tube assays and an excito-repellency (ER) test chamber system. The tube assays recorded knockdown effects of each repellent immediately after 30-min exposure and the final morality following a 24-h holding period. DEET showed 100% KD at 30 min and complete toxicity at 24 h against both species.

Behavioral responses of Anopheles species (Culicidae: Diptera) with varying surface exposure to pyrethroid-treated netting in an excito-repellency test system.

Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) with insecticides has been a procedure used for decades to protect humans from biting mosquitoes and potential vectors of pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the responses of three wild-caught species of malaria vectors exposed to pyrethroids of three different surface coverage percents using an excito-repellency test box. Each species was exposed to three insecticide-treated surfaces at varying exposure levels (full coverage, 50%, and 25% of the maximum allowable by the test system) to a single standard field dose of either lambda-cyhalothrin or alpha-cypermethrin.

Comparison of Field and Laboratory-Based Tests for Behavioral Response of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Repellents.

The repellent and irritant effects of three essential oils-clove, hairy basil, and sweet basil-were compared using an excito-repellency test system against an insecticide-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti (L.) females from Pu Teuy, Kanchanaburi Province. DEET was used as the comparison standard compound.

Influence of Time of Assay on Behavioral Responses of Laboratory and Field Populations Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET.

Knowledge on test conditions that may influence behavioral responses of mosquitoes is critical when excito-repellency tests are conducted. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of test time differences on normal circadian activity and behavioral responses of field and colonized Aedes aegypti (L.) (=Stegomyia aegypti) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say to DEET, one of the most common synthetic repellent active ingredients available.

Anopheles species diversity and distribution of the malaria vectors of Thailand.

In Thailand, seven Anopheles species within three species assemblages have been incriminated as important malaria vectors. Comprehensive maps showing the countrywide geographical distribution of primary and secondary malaria vector species have not yet been developed; the maps that do exist are typically restricted to specific areas or are out of date. In addition, with the advent of molecular-based species-identification tools, the geographical locations of various sibling species have been more clearly defined in the country.

Diversity of Anopheles species and trophic behavior of putative malaria vectors in two malaria endemic areas of northwestern Thailand.

We determined the species diversity, blood-feeding behavior, and host preference of Anopheles mosquitoes in two malaria endemic areas of Tak (Mae Sot District) and Mae Hong Son (Sop Moei District) Provinces, located along the Thai border with Myanmar, during a consecutive two-year period. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected using indoor and outdoor human-landing captures and outdoor cow-baited collections. Mosquitoes were initially identified using morphological characters, followed by the appropriate multiplex AS-PCR assay for the identification of sibling species within Anopheles (Cellia) complexes and groups present.

Biting patterns and host preference of Anopheles epiroticus in Chang Island, Trat Province, eastern Thailand.

A study of species diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes, biting patterns, and seasonal abundance of important mosquito vectors was conducted in two villages of Chang Island, Trat Province, in eastern Thailand, one located along the coast and the other in the low hills of the central interior of the island. Of 5,399 captured female anophelines, 70.25% belong to the subgenus Cellia and remaining specimens to the subgenus Anopheles.

Pyrethroid susceptibility and behavioral avoidance in Anopheles epiroticus, a malaria vector in Thailand.

The physiological susceptibility to insecticides and the behavioral responses of four wild-caught populations of female Anopheles epiroticus to synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin) were assessed. Test populations were collected from different localities along the eastern coast, Trat (TR), Songkhla (SK), and Surat Thani (ST) and one population from the western coast, Phang Nga (PN). Results showed that all four populations of An.

Comparison of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) resting behavior on two fabric types under consideration for insecticide treatment in a push-pull strategy.

Aedes aegypti (L.), the primary vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, breeds and rests predominately inside human dwellings. With no current vaccine available, vector control remains the mainstay for dengue management and novel approaches continue to be needed to reduce virus transmission.

Chemically induced behavioral responses in Anopheles minimus and Anopheles harrisoni in Thailand.

Behavioral responses of female mosquitoes representing two species in the Minimus Complex exposed to an operational field dose of bifenthrin or DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) were described using an excito-repellency test system. Two test populations of An. minimus, one from the field (Tak Province, western Thailand), the other from a long-established laboratory colony, and Anopheles harrisoni collected from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand, were used.

Locomotor behavioral responses of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles harrisoni to alpha-cypermethrin in Thailand.

Excito-repellency responses of 3 test populations, representing 2 sibling species within the Minimus Complex, Anopheles minimus and An. harrisoni, were characterized for contact irritant and noncontact repellent actions of chemicals during and after exposure to alpha-cypermethrin at half the recommended field (0.010 g/m2), the recommended field (0.

Population structure of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) from nine regions of Thailand.

Starch gel electrophoresis of isozymes was used to estimate gene flow among nine populations of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand. Of the 13 putative loci, nine polymorphic loci were detected.