Sustained Activation of AMPK Enhances Differentiation of Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes via Sirtuin Activation.

Recent studies suggest that metabolic regulation may improve differentiation of cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of metabolic activities. We investigated whether AMPK participates in iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation.

Optical microscopy as a new approach for characterising dust particulates in urban environment.

In urban environments airborne particulates (dust) must be managed to ensure that industry and community coexist in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner. The composition of the dust is a function of the local environment and industry. In general, there is a view by many community members that a significant proportion of inhalable (PM) and respirable (PM) dust in these environments could be coal.

[Emergency ultrasound diagnosis of the thorax for internal medicine and traumatology patients].

Thoracic ultrasound has a high significance in emergency medicine. In case of dyspnoea, it leads quickly and reliably to the causative disease. Especially in differentiating lobar pneumonia from cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and lung embolism, it may be used with good confidence.

Longitudinal stratification of gait economy in young boys and girls: the locomotion energy and growth study.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the relative ordering of locomotor oxygen consumption ( VO(2)) values remains stable as healthy children age. Beginning at age 6 and ending at age 10, VO(2) during level treadmill walking and running was quantified in 15 boys and 18 girls who were tested on an annual basis. Following 30 min of treadmill accommodation to each exercise mode, subjects walked and ran for 5 min at 1.

Prediction of the aerobic demand of walking in children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a generalized equation to predict VO2 during level treadmill walking in young boys and girls.

Methods: On an annual basis from ages 6 to 10, 23 able-bodied children (14 girls, 9 boys) completed six 5-min walking bouts at speeds ranging from 40.2 to 107.

Menstrual cycle phase and running economy.

To further elucidate the relationship between RE and menstrual cycle phase, eight eumenorrheic moderately-trained female runners were studied throughout their menstrual cycles, which were divided into five phases: early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF), early luteal (EL), mid-luteal (ML), and late luteal (LL). Subjects were studied at rest and while running at speeds initially corresponding to 55% and 80% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Ventilation (L x min-1) was significantly (P < 0.

Variation in the aerobic demand of running among trained and untrained subjects.

Variation in the aerobic demand (VO2) of submaximal running was quantified among trained and untrained subjects stratified by performance capability. Based on a retrospective analysis of seven published studies, maximal aerobic power (VO2max), and submaximal VO2 values were analyzed in three groups of trained distance runners (Category 1 (C1) (elite runners; N = 22), Category 2 (C2) (sub-elite runners; N = 41), and Category 3 (C3) (good runners; N = 16), and one group (N = 10) of untrained subjects (Category 4; C4). Results indicated that VO2max differed significantly (P < 0.

Daily variability in exercise ventilation.

The purpose of this study was to quantify daily variability in ventilation (VE) during submaximal exercise and establish the number of testing sessions required to produce stable exercise ventilation measures. Following 60 min of treadmill accommodation, four male (M) and four female (F) distance runners completed 5 weeks of daily treadmill testing at the same time of day while engaged in a normal routine of training and racing. During each test session, subjects completed three 6-min level treadmill runs at either 3.

Running economy: changes with age during childhood and adolescence.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize work directed at describing and understanding changes in running economy (the steady-state demand for oxygen at a set running speed) that occur with increased age during childhood and adolescence. Although the data are limited, a number of tentative conclusions were drawn. Children are less economical than adults.

Daily variation in running economy of moderately trained male runners.

The purpose of this study was to quantify total within-subject variation in running economy (RE) in moderately trained male runners (N = 10). Subjects (ages 20-34 yr) were monitored during treadmill running, five times a week (Mon-Fri) for 4 wk, at 2.68, 3.

Mood state and running economy in moderately trained male runners.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between psychological states as measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory and within-subject variation in running economy (RE) in moderately trained male runners (N = 10). Subjects (ages 20-34 yr) were monitored during treadmill running, five times a week (Monday through Friday) for 4 wk, at 2.68, 3.

Variability in running economy and mechanics among trained male runners.

Data from two studies were analyzed to quantify intraindividual variability and reliability in running economy (RE) and mechanics. Following 30-60 min of treadmill accommodation, stride-to-stride and day-to-day biomechanical stability were assessed in 31 male runners (studies 1 and 2) who performed two level treadmill runs (3.33 m.

Effects of a prolonged maximal run on running economy and running mechanics.

The purpose of this study was to document the effects of a prolonged (30 min) maximal run (PMR) on running economy (RE) and running mechanics in 16 male runners (mean VO2max = 59.0 +/- 4.5 ml.

Fractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age.

Untrained 6- to 8-year-old children (N= 80) served as subjects in a cross sectional study of the fractional utilization of maximal aerobic power during submaximal running. Using the open-circuit method, the absolute oxygen demands of submaximal running were found to increase with age. When expressed relative to body weight, oxygen demands of submaximal running showed no statistically significant changes over the 3-year span.

Factors affecting running economy.

Running economy, defined as the steady-state VO2 for a given running velocity, has been shown to account for a large and significant proportion of variation in distance-running performance among runners roughly comparable in VO2 max. Despite this recognition, relatively little is known regarding the potpourri of physiological, environmental, structural and mechanical factors potentially associated with a lower aerobic demand of running. Early attempts at quantifying the energy expenditure of exhaustive runs incorporated measurements of oxygen consumption before, during, and after exercise.

Longitudinal changes in distance-running performance of young males.

Longitudinal studies of adolescent males have shown that absolute maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and distance-running performance improve with age, while VO2max expressed relative to body mass remains stable. These earlier studies used subjects that were engaged in distance-run training; therefore, it was not possible to assess the relative importance of growth and/or run training to improved performance. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to quantify longitudinal changes in VO2max, running economy (RE), and distance-running performance in non-run-trained young males.

Physiological responses to a 20-mile run under three fluid replacement treatments.

Ten experienced male marathon runners ran 20 miles (32.18 km) on an outdoor course in a warm climate to measure responses in selected physiological variables as a result of drinking water, an electrolyte-glucose solution (ERG), or a caffeine solution (5 mg X kg-1 body weight) before and during the run. The caffeine solution and water were colored and flavored to resemble the electrolyte-glucose solution so that a double-blind condition could be maintained.

Biogenic amine/metabolite response during in-flight emergencies.

Urine excretion of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT) and the metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 4-hydroxy-3 methoxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was determined for students (n = 19) and instructors (n = 21) involved in flying training in-flight emergencies. Timed urine samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Basal excretion rates were determined at a later date.

Characteristics associated with running performance in young boys.

The purpose of the study was to replicate and extend the investigation of characteristics associated with running performance in young boys. Two groups of 10-year-old males were studied. One group (A runners) consisted of subjects who placed above the 55th percentile on a 1.

Instructor pilot teaching behavior and student pilot stress in flight training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between instructor pilot behavior and student pilot stress. Six instructor pilots and 12 undergraduate pilot training students served as subjects. Two students were assigned to each instructor.