Pharmacological strategies for appetite modulation in eating disorders: a narrative review.

Background: A substantial increase in the prevalence of eating disorders has been noticed over the past decades. Priority in the treatment of eating disorders is justifiably given to psychosocial interventions. However, it is also well known that centrally acting drugs can significantly affect appetite and food consumption.

[Biological aspects of treatment resistance in psychiatry and pharmacodynamic approaches to its management].

Treatment resistance is a persistent neurochemical condition characterized by the presence of «hybrid» metabolism, which combines both pathological and drug-dependent metabolisms. The difficulties in management and prevention of treatment resistance are associated with a lack of understanding of neurochemical aspects of the development of higher mental functions. The authors suggest that the basic types of species-preserving behavior are associated with the activity of monoaminergic systems while the modulation of their activity is predetermined by local neuronal networks in the rostral parts of the brain, where a variety of co-transmitters play an important role.

[Non-drug methods in the treatment of resistant mental pathology (a neurophysiological approach)].

The author considers the drug resistance in therapy of mental diseases of the brain within the neurophysiological concept of N.P. Behtereva about stable pathological state.

[Nosospecific anxiety and a spectrum of anxiolytic activity of psychotropic drugs].

The article discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of anxiety in different psychiatric disorders. The influence of anxiety on the course, pharmacotherapeutic treatment with respect to the pathogenesis and the possible neurochemical imbalance in the definite type of anxiety are discussed. An anti-anxiety effect in the action of psychotropic drugs is described.

[Evolutionary aspects of psychopathology and perspectives of psychopharmacology].

The authors consider the general conception of the pathogenesis of mental diseases based on the disruption of interactions between local neuronal networks. The development of mental disorders provoked by environmental factors is thought to disturb the activity of small groups of neurons with genetically determined module activity. It is hypothesized that the interaction of modules determines the forms of this activity that are of evolutionary origin predicting behavioral programs of familial inheritance and "personified" behavioral response.

[ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF SOME NEW DECAHYDROQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES.].

The work was aimed at assessing in vivo the analgesic properties of ten decahydroquinoline derivatives (pharmacologically active substances, PAS) and deter- mining the role of opioid receptors in mechanism of their action. Among the derivatives studied, pronounced analgesic properties at a dose of 1/4 LD50 was ob- served for two compounds (PAS-70 and PAS-71), while four compounds (PAS-66, PAS-69, PAS-74, PAS-76) produced weak and short anesthetic effects. PAS-70 and PAS-71 showed analgesic action even in a dose of 1/8 LD50.

[Pharmacogenetic aspects of the activity of cytochromes P450 in the metabolism of antipsychotics].

Pharmacogenetic tests that allow the clinician to individualize dosage to the patient according to the activity of their metabolism are described. Pharmacogenetic aspects of the oxidative phase of antipsychotic biotransformation are reviewed. Depending on the rate of metabolism and enzyme activity of cytochrome (CYP) family (especially, CYP1 A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) people can be divided into three groups: poor, rapid and ultrarapid metabolizers.

[Studying the development of imipramine tolerance and prospects of its overcoming with the aid of tianeptine].

Reaction of two groups of mice to sub-chronic imipramine administration has been studied in a series of experiments, where one (control) group received physiological saline instead of imipramine. Then, both groups were randomly divided to receive either tianeptine (two groups) or physiological saline (two groups) for three days. After this period, the reaction of mice to imipramine was assessed again by measuring the immobilization duration in the tail suspension test.

[Peculiarities of clinical picture and differential diagnostics of lupus erythematosus tumidus].

This review is devoted to differential diagnostics and treatment of lupus erythematosus tumidus, a rare form of lupus erythematosus, the data on which are practically absent in the Russian-language literature. The overview of foreign literature is supplemented by personal observations of the authors. Clinical cases are illustrated by photographs and the description of the pathomorphological picture of the disease.

[Effect of haloperidol on changes in development of spontaneous catalepsy during subchronic injections of dopamine agonists and antagonists].

The influence of haloperidol intracutaneous injections on the development of spontaneous catalepsy phenomenon in SHR mice which received intraperitoneal injections of d,l-amphetamine (10 mg/kg) and haloperidol (5 mg/kg) alternately during 12 days, was studied ("neurochemical aggression"). It was demonstrated that alternating injections of d,l-amphetamine and haloperidol decrease the spontaneous catalepsy duration. Daily intracutaneous injections of haloperidol (0,25 mg/kg) prevented these changes but disrupted the spontaneous catalepsy phenomenon recovery by the 10-th day of measurements.

[Role of NO in the coronary vessel responses to agonists of various adrenoceptor subtypes].

We have studied the role of NO in coronary flow responses to agonists of alfa-2, beta-1, beta-2 and beta-3 adrenoceptors in the isolated mouse heart perfused according to the Langendorff method. The selective alfa-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (10(-8) - 10(-6) M) displayed coronary vasoconstrictor properties as it induced dose-dependent decrease in the coronary flow. On the contrary, the nonselective beta-1/beta2/beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline (10(-8) - 10(-7) M) was a coronary vasodilator and caused dose-dependent increase in the coronary flow.

[Effect of nifedipine on the effectiveness of antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia].

An aim of the study was to assess an influence of nifedipine in combination with haloperidol on antipsychotic activity and cognitive disturbances in comparison to the monotherapy with haloperidol and quetiapine. Sixty-two patients with ICD-10 diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, chronic course, and undiffirentiates schizophrenia have been studied. Patients have been stratified into 3 groups each treated during 10 weeks.

[Influence of neutrophilokines on population and subpopulation repertoire of lymphocytes and their functional activity during immune response against plague].

Results of experimental study of regulatory effect of nutrophilokines induced by Yersinia pestis EV strain on population and subpopulation repertoire of lymphocytes and their functional activity during immune response against plague infection are presented. It was established that these neutrophilokines stimulate CD4+ and suppress CD8+ lymphocytes. Helper effect of neutrophilokines on functional activity of lymphocytes was more pronounced during secondary than during primary immune response.

[Coronary vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine in the isolated hearts of guinea pig and mice: differential contributions of nitric oxide and postacyclin].

We have studied the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) as well as muscarinic m2 and m3 receptors in the coronary vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine in the isolated hearts of guinea pig and mouse perfused according to the Langendorff method. In the guinea pig heart, a coronary vasodilator response to acetylcholine was profoundly decreased by the NO-synthase inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) M), while in the mouse heart this response was blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (5 x 10(-6) M). In both cases, the muscarinic m3 receptor antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP, 3 x 10(-8) M) blocked the acetylcholine-induced vasodilator response, while the muscarinic m2 antagonist methoctramine (3 x 10(-7) M) had no effect.

[Experimental study of the effects of citalopram, olanzapine, and their combinations in tests for antipsychotic, antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of drugs].

The effects of citalopram, olanzapine and their combinations were studied in tests on outbred SHR male mice. The locomotor activity was determined in the open field, the antidepressant effects - in the tail suspension test, the anxiety-like behavior- in the light-dark transition test; in addition, the antidopaminergic effects of drugs and their combination were evaluated using the apomorphine-induced stereotypy. The results indicate that olanzapine inhibits locomotor activity in all behavioral tests, whereas citalopram alone has no significant effect and does not modify the action of olanzapine.

[Determination of concentration and aggregate size in influenza virus preparations using the true UV-absorption spectra].

It is well-known that influenza virus (IV) preparations are characterized by very large contribution of light-scattering to their UV absorption spectra. With the help of so called extrapolation method we managed to measure true absorption spectra of IV preparations and to determine absorption coefficients (E0.1(1) (cm, 280)) for the intact IV virions and for IV subviral particles.

[Effects of subchronic introduction of phenamine and haloperidol on development of spontaneous catalepsy in mice].

The development of spontaneous and haloperidol-provoked catalepsy was investigated in more than 200 mice. It was found that spontaneous and haloperidolic catalepsies have the same mechanism of development. Injections of amphetamine followed by injections of haloperidol led to persistent changes of cateleptogenic behavior in mice.

Changes in anxiety levels are followed by changes in behavioral strategy in mice subjected to stress and in the extent of stress-induced analgesia.

The experiments reported here demonstrated that corasol increased the extent of analgesia induced by stress and decreased the duration of immobility in mice in a forced swimming test in cold water. Administration of diazepam led to the opposite changes and counteracted the actions of the anxiogen. The effects of the anxiolytic were more apparent in NMRI than mongrel mice, while in mongrel mice the effects of the anxiogen were more marked.

[Apoptosis of phagocytes as one of the probable mechanisms of the pathogenetic action of Yersinia pestis "mouse" toxin].

Apoptosis was evaluated by characteristic morphological changes of cells in preparations stained with histological dyes and in live preparations, as well as by DNA degradation, colorimetrically detected with the use of the diphenylamine reagent. "Mouse toxin" (MT) was found to have a pronounced apoptogenic action with respect to the phagocytic cells of mice, but not guinea pigs. Macrophages were affected by this action stronger than neutrophils, and in both cases this effect was dose dependent.

[Influence of neutrophilokines on the synthesis of lymphokines in the process of the formation of immunity to plague].

The evaluation of the complex of neutrophilokines whose synthesis was induced by Yersinia pestis vaccine strain EV on the production of lymphokines in the process of the formation of primary and secondary immunity to plague is presented. As revealed in this study, neutrophilokines regulate the synthesis of IL-2 by T helpers of type 1, IL-4 and IL-5 by T helpers of type 2, IL-1 by B lymphocytes, as well as the expression of receptors IL-2 by immunocompetent cells. The helper effect of neutrophilokines is more pronounced in the secondary immune response.

[Does the catalepsy phenomenon reflect the functional dopaminergic activity in pharmacological investigations?].

The dynamics of spontaneous and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice has been studied. It is established that the degree of manifestation of the spontaneous catalepsy is directly related to the number of manipulations (mice standings in the "lector position"). At the same time, the intensity of catalepsy (both spontaneous and haloperidol-induced) was not related to the mice response to apomorphine injections.

Experimental membrane-destructive model of cardiac arrhythmia.

We propose a method for experimental modeling of cardiac arrhythmias. The method consists in intravenous injection of LPO inductors: 5% ascorbic acid (50 mg/kg), 1 min later 1% iron sulfate (10 mg/kg), and after the appearance of giant T waves on ECG infusion of 10% calcium chloride in a nonarrhythmogenic dose 100 mg/kg. Cardiac arrhythmias were induced in 100% animals.