Homogalacturonan Pectins Tuned as an Effect of Susceptible rbohD, Col-0-Reactions, and Resistance rbohF-, rbohD/F-Reactions to TuMV.

The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing perception, recognition, and signal transduction in response to pathogens are well studied in the context of damaging intruders, the current understanding of plant cell wall rebuilding and active defense strategies in response to plant virus infections remains poorly characterized. Pectins can act as major elements of the primary cell wall and are dynamic compounds in response to pathogens.

Plant virus transmission during seed development and implications to plant defense system.

Most plants produce large amounts of seeds to disperse their progeny in the environment. Plant viruses have evolved to avoid plant resistance mechanisms and use seeds for their dispersal. The presence of plant pathogenic viruses in seeds and suppression of plant host defenses is a major worldwide concern for producers and seed companies because undetected viruses in the seed can represent a significant threat to yield in many economically important crops.

Looking for Resistance to Soft Rot Disease of Potatoes Facing Environmental Hypoxia.

Plants are exposed to various stressors, including pathogens, requiring specific environmental conditions to provoke/induce plant disease. This phenomenon is called the "disease triangle" and is directly connected with a particular plant-pathogen interaction. Only a virulent pathogen interacting with a susceptible plant cultivar will lead to disease under specific environmental conditions.

Glutathione-the "master" antioxidant in the regulation of resistant and susceptible host-plant virus-interaction.

The interaction between plant hosts and plant viruses is a very unique and complex process, relying on dynamically modulated intercellular redox states and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants strive to precisely control this state during biotic stress, as optimal redox levels enable proper induction of defense mechanisms against plant viruses. One of the crucial elements of ROS regulation and redox state is the production of metabolites, such as glutathione, or the activation of glutathione-associated enzymes.

Microbial Consortia for Plant Protection against Diseases: More than the Sum of Its Parts.

Biological plant protection presents a promising and exciting alternative to chemical methods for safeguarding plants against the increasing threats posed by plant diseases. This approach revolves around the utilization of biological control agents (BCAs) to suppress the activity of significant plant pathogens. Microbial BCAs have the potential to effectively manage crop disease development by interacting with pathogens or plant hosts, thereby increasing their resistance.

Glutathione Contribution in Interactions between and Mutants Lacking Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs D and F.

Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (s) play crucial and diverse roles in plant tissue-mediated production of reactive oxygen species during the development, growth, and response of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. Many studies have demonstrated the contribution of and in stress signaling in pathogen response differentially modulating the immune response, but the potential role of the s-mediated response in plant-virus interactions remains unknown. The present study analyzed, for the first time, the metabolism of glutathione in , -, and -transposon-knockout mutants in response to (TuMV) infection.

AtGSTU19 and AtGSTU24 as Moderators of the Response of to .

Plants produce glutathione as a response to the intercellular redox state. Glutathione actively participates in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathway, especially under biotic stress conditions. Most of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are induced in cells during the defense response of plants not only through highly specific glutathione-binding abilities but also by participating in the signaling function.

Glutathione Modulation in PVY Susceptible and Resistant Potato Plant Interactions.

Glutathione is a metabolite that plays an important role in plant response to biotic stress through its ability to remove reactive oxygen species, thereby limiting the degree of potential oxidative damage. It can couple changes in the intracellular redox state to the development, especially the defense responses, of plants. Several studies have focused on measuring glutathione levels in virus infected plants, but have not provided complete information.

Modulation of Expression of PVY RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NIb) and Heat Shock Cognate Host Protein HSC70 in Susceptible and Hypersensitive Potato Cultivars.

Potato virus Y (PVY) belongs to the genus Potyvirus and is considered to be one of the most harmful and important plant pathogens. Its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is known as nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb). The recent findings show that the genome of PVY replicates in the cytoplasm of the plant cell by binding the virus replication complex to the membranous structures of different organelles.

Plant Cell Wall as a Key Player During Resistant and Susceptible Plant-Virus Interactions.

The cell wall is a complex and integral part of the plant cell. As a structural element it sustains the shape of the cell and mediates contact among internal and external factors. We have been aware of its involvement in both abiotic (like drought or frost) and biotic stresses (like bacteria or fungi) for some time.

Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus- (L.) Heyhn System.

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most important plant viruses worldwide. It has a very wide host range infecting at least 318 species in over 43 families, such as Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, or Chenopodiaceae from dicotyledons. Plant NADPH oxidases, the respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant-microbe interactions.

Ultrastructural Analysis of Cells From Bell Pepper () Infected With Bell Pepper Endornavirus.

Endornaviruses include viruses that infect fungi, oomycetes, and plants. The genome of plant endornaviruses consists of linear ssRNA ranging in size from approximately 13-18 kb and lacking capsid protein and cell-to-cell movement capability. Although, plant endornaviruses have not been shown to cause detectable changes in the plant phenotype, they have been associated with alterations of the host physiology.

The Expression of Potato Expansin A3 ( and Extensin4 () Genes with Distribution of StEXPAs and HRGPs-Extensin Changes as an Effect of Cell Wall Rebuilding in Two Types of PVY- Interactions.

The plant cell wall acts not only as a physical barrier, but also as a complex and dynamic structure that actively changes under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The question is, how are the different cell wall compounds modified during different interactions with exogenous stimuli such as pathogens? Plants exposed to viral pathogens respond to unfavorable conditions on multiple levels. One challenge that plants face under viral stress is the number of processes required for differential cell wall remodeling.

Modifications in Tissue and Cell Ultrastructure as Elements of Immunity-Like Reaction in against Prune Dwarf Virus (PDV).

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is a plant RNA viral pathogen in many orchard trees worldwide. Our knowledge about resistance genes or resistant reactions of plant hosts to PDV is scant. To fill in part of this gap, an aim of this study was to investigate reactions to PDV infection in a model host, .

The Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (RbohD) Cell and Tissue Distribution in Potato-Potato Virus Y (PVY) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reactions.

The respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RbohD) acts as a central driving force of reactive oxygen species signaling in plant cells by integrating many different signal transduction pathways in plants, including incompatible interactions with pathogens. This study demonstrated the localization and distribution of RbohD in two types of potato-potato virus Y (PVY) interactions: Compatible and incompatible (resistant). The results indicated a statistically significant induction of the RbohD antigen signal in both interaction types.

Ultrastructural Analysis of Intercellular Transport and Pathogenesis.

(PDV) is an important viral pathogen of plum, sweet cherry, peach, and many herbaceous test plants. Although PDV has been intensively investigated, mainly in the context of phylogenetic relationship of its genes and proteins, many gaps exist in our knowledge about the mechanism of intercellular transport of this virus. The aim of this work was to investigate alterations in cellular organelles and the cell-to-cell transport of PDV in cv.

Spatiotemporal Changes in Xylan-1/Xyloglucan and Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferase (XTH-Xet5) as a Step-In of Ultrastructural Cell Wall Remodelling in Potato⁻Potato Virus Y (PVY) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reaction.

One type of monitoring system in a plant cell is the cell wall, which intensively changes its structure during interaction with pathogen-stress factors. The wall plays a role as a dynamic and controlled structure, although it is not fully understood how relevant these modifications are to the molecular mechanisms during plant⁻virus interactions. In this work we localise the non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as xyloglucan, xylan (xylan-1) and xyloglucosyl transferase (XTH-Xet5), the enzyme that participates in the metabolism of xyloglucan.

Plant Cell Wall Dynamics in Compatible and Incompatible Potato Response to Infection Caused by Potato Virus Y (PVY).

The cell wall provides the structure of the plant, and also acts as a barier against biotic stress. The vein necrosis strain of (PVY) induces necrotic disease symptoms that affect both plant growth and yield. Virus infection triggers a number of inducible basal defense responses, including defense proteins, especially those involved in cell wall metabolism.

Molecular Biology of Prune Dwarf Virus-A Lesser Known Member of the Bromoviridae but a Vital Component in the Dynamic Virus-Host Cell Interaction Network.

(PDV) is one of the members of family, genus . Host components that participate in the regulation of viral replication or cell-to-cell movement via plasmodesmata are still unknown. In contrast, viral infections caused by some other members are well characterized.

[Croup in children--results of prospective, multicenter observation].

Unlabelled: Croup syndrome is an urgent and frequent reason for hospitalization of children.

Material And Methods: 632 children with croup syndrome (422 boys and 210 girls aged 2 months-17 years) admitted to 15 pediatric departments in Lower Silesia were prospectively observed for 12 months (from April 2001 to March 2002). We conducted prospective survey of clinical and laboratory data from all study centers.

Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during Diesel combustion.

Identification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Diesel exhaust in the working environment and assessment of workers' occupational exposure to these suspected human carcinogens were the aim of this experimental investigation. The range of exposure factors calculated on the basis of 9 individual PAH concentrations determined in personal air samples shows that time-averaged concentration of these compounds did not exceed the Polish Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) value for PAHs, that is, 2 microg.sup-3;.

Occupational exposure to harmful chemical substances while processing phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Air pollutants emitted while processing phenol-formaldehyde resins have been investigated. Gas chromatography-mass-selective detection was used to separate and identify chemical compounds. It was determined that workers were exposed to formaldehyde in all workplaces.

Immunofluorescent localization of the StAR protein in mitochondria of mouse Leydig cells in vitro.

The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein is assumed to enhance the rate-limiting step of the steroid biosynthesis. Now, it is the most likely candidate, responsible for acutely regulating transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. In this study, the immunoreactive StAR protein was observed in the mitochondria of mouse cultured Leydig cells stimulated by hCG andtesticular macrophage-conditioned medium.