Sulfonated hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite monoliths as solid acid catalyst for esterification of oleic acid.

Sulfonated hierarchical H-ZSM-5 monoliths were synthesized ice-templating as solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production. Characterization confirmed successful -SO group grafting, increasing acid density. The catalysts achieved over 90% conversion of oleic acid in esterification, with easy recovery and reuse, and the relationship between porosity and acid density was explored.

New Adsorption Materials for Deep Desulfurization of Fuel Oil.

In recent years, due to the rapid growth of mankind's demand for energy, harmful gases (SOx) produced by the combustion of sulfur-containing compounds in fuel oil have caused serious problems to the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, in order to solve this hidden danger from the source, countries around the world have created increasingly strict standards for the sulfur content in fuel. Adsorption desulfurization technology has attracted wide attention due to its advantages of energy saving and low operating cost.

Features of Wax Appearance Temperature Determination of Waxy Crude Oil Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Under Ambient and High Pressure.

The wax appearance temperature (WAT), being one of the key characteristics of waxy crude oil and other waxy substances, is used for the necessary assessment of the phase stability of materials during various technological processes. However, the determination of this parameter as well as peculiarities of wax formation under high gas pressure suffers from the lack of suitable techniques for this task. To address this issue, an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) method has been applied for the first time to measure the WAT of waxy crude oil under high gas pressure.

Correction: Verkhovskii et al. The Influence of Magnetic Composite Capsule Structure and Size on Their Trapping Efficiency in the Flow. 2022, , 6073.

In the original publication [...

Efficient Diesel Desulfurization by Novel Amphiphilic Polyoxometalate-Based Hybrid Catalyst at Room Temperature.

Amphiphilic hybrid catalysts were prepared by modifying [SMoO] with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide (BMIMBr) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ODAB), respectively. The prepared catalysts were characterized by IR, XRD, SEM, TG and XPS. The desulfurization performance of the catalysts was investigated in model oil and actual diesel using hydrogen peroxide (HO) as an oxidant and acetonitrile as an extractant.

Ultrasonic Auxiliary Ozone Oxidation-Extraction Desulfurization: A Highly Efficient and Stable Process for Ultra-Deep Desulfurization.

For ultra-deep desulfurization of diesel fuel, this study applied the ultrasound-assisted catalytic ozonation process to the dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal process with four Keggin-type heteropolyacids (HPA) as catalysts and acetonitrile as extractant. Through experimental evaluations, HPMoO was found to be the most effective catalyst for the oxidative removal of DBT. Under favorable operating conditions with a temperature of 0 °C, HPMoO dosage of 2.

The Influence of Magnetic Composite Capsule Structure and Size on Their Trapping Efficiency in the Flow.

A promising approach to targeted drug delivery is the remote control of magnetically sensitive objects using an external magnetic field source. This method can assist in the accumulation of magnetic carriers in the affected area for local drug delivery, thus providing magnetic nanoparticles for MRI contrast and magnetic hyperthermia, as well as the magnetic separation of objects of interest from the bloodstream and liquid biopsy samples. The possibility of magnetic objects' capture in the flow is determined by the ratio of the magnetic field strength and the force of viscous resistance.

Hydrodeoxygenation of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran over bifunctional Pt-CsHPWO catalyst in the gas phase: enhancing effect of gold.

2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) is deoxygenated to -hexane with >99% selectivity at mild conditions (90 °C, 1 bar H pressure, fixed-bed reactor) in the presence of the bifunctional metal-acid catalyst Pt-CsPW comprising Pt and CsHPWO (CsPW), an acidic Cs salt of Keggin-type heteropoly acid HPWO. Addition of gold to the Pt-CsPW catalyst increases the turnover rate at Pt sites more than twofold, whereas the Au alone without Pt is not active. The enhancement of catalyst activity is attributed to PtAu alloying, which is supported by STEM-EDX and XRD analysis.

Diethyl Ether Conversion to Ethene and Ethanol Catalyzed by Heteropoly Acids.

The conversion of diethyl ether (DEE) to ethene and ethanol was studied at a gas-solid interface over bulk and supported Brønsted solid acid catalysts based on tungsten Keggin heteropoly acids (HPAs) at 130-250 °C and ambient pressure. The yield of ethene increased with increasing reaction temperature and reached 98% at 220-250 °C (WHSV = 2.2 h).

Lightsheet-based flow cytometer for whole blood with the ability for the magnetic retrieval of objects from the blood flow.

Detection and extraction of circulating tumor cells and other rare objects in the bloodstream are of great interest for modern diagnostics, but devices that can solve this problem for the whole blood volume of laboratory animals are still rare. Here we have developed SPIM-based lightsheet flow cytometer for the detection of fluorescently-labeled objects in whole blood. The bypass channel between two blood vessels connected with the external flow cell was used to visualize, detect, and magnetically separate fluorescently-labeled objects without hydrodynamic focusing.

Facile gas-phase hydrodeoxygenation of 2,5-dimethylfuran over bifunctional metal-acid catalyst Pt-CsHPWO.

2,5-Dimethylfuran is deoxygenated to n-hexane with 100% yield on a bifunctional Pt/C-CsHPWO catalyst under very mild conditions (90 °C, 1 bar H) in a one-step gas-phase process. A proposed mechanism includes a sequence of hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation and dehydration steps occurring on Pt and proton sites of the bifunctional catalyst.

Interference suppression of light backscattering through oblique deposition of high-reflectivity multilayers: a theoretical analysis.

We demonstrate a theoretical approach whereby light backscattering toward the incident beam can be suppressed entirely for a high-reflectivity, rough-surfaced multilayer mirror fabricated using oblique deposition, such that the interface relief is replicated at a certain angle β to the sample normal. The mirror comprises two parts: a main (lower) multilayer consisting of N identical bi-layers growing at the angle β to the mirror normal, and an additional bi- or tri-layer forming the topmost section of the mirror, which grows at another angle β. We show that choosing appropriate growth angles β and β results in a disappearance of backscattering toward the incident beam due to the destructive interference of waves scattered from the main multilayer and uppermost bi- or tri-layer.

One-pot synthesis of sorbitol via hydrolysis-hydrogenation of cellulose in the presence of Ru-containing composites.

The aim of this work was to study the one-pot synthesis of sorbitol via hydrolysis-hydrogenation of cellulose in the presence of Ru-containing composites based on HPWO supported on ZrO and NbO (Ru-PW/ZrO and Ru-PW/NbO). The main parameters impacted the reaction rate and yield of sorbitol, i.e.

Reflective aperiodic multilayer filters for metrology at XUV sources.

We present a general method for designing XUV aperiodic multilayer mirrors that can mimic a given target spectrum, specifically, the spectral transmission of an XUV optical system. The method is based on minimizing a merit function and using fidelity parameters that quantify the matching of the multilayer reflectivity spectrum with that of the target spectrum. To assess the feasibility of fabricating such a system, we show how to reduce the layer-to-layer thickness variations throughout the aperiodic layer stack.

Theoretical analysis and optimization of highly efficient multilayer-coated blazed gratings with high fix-focus constant for the tender X-ray region.

The problem of X-ray diffraction from multilayer-coated blazed diffraction gratings is analyzed. Invalidity of the conventional condition of maximal diffraction efficiency observed in previous experiments is explained theoretically. This is attributed to two factors: contribution of anti-blaze facets to diffraction efficiency and effect of strongly asymmetric diffraction.

Evolution of the Internal Structure of Short-Period Cr/V Multilayers with Different Vanadium Layers Thicknesses.

Cr/V multilayer mirrors are suitable for applications in the "water window" spectral ranges. To study factors influencing the internal microstructure of Cr/V multilayers, multilayers with different vanadium layers thicknesses varying from 0.6 nm to 4.

Optimized highly efficient multilayer-coated blazed gratings for the tender X-ray region.

The optimized design of multilayer-coated blazed gratings (MLBG) for high-flux tender X-ray monochromators was systematically studied by numerical simulations. The resulting correlation between the multilayer d-spacing and grating blaze angle significantly deviated from the one predicted by conventional equations. Three high line density gratings with different blaze angles were fabricated and coated by the same Cr/C multilayer.

Interference suppression of light backscattering through oblique deposition of a layered reflecting coating: bi-layer on a substrate.

We theoretically demonstrate the possibility of entirely suppressing light backscattering towards the incident beam from a rough bilayer fabricated by deposition at an oblique angle, such that the substrate relief is replicated at a certain angle to the substrate surface. The necessary conditions of the scattering suppression were formulated. Interference suppression was observed experimentally (633 nm wavelength, 45° incidence angle, -35° scattering angle) with a set of SiO-on-TaO bi-layers fabricated at different deposition angles.

Nitridated Ru/BC multilayer mirrors with improved interface structure, zero stress, and enhanced hard X-ray reflectance.

Ru/BC multilayer mirrors are used for hard X-ray monochromators with moderate spectral resolution and high integral flux. To overcome the problem of large compressive stress inherent in Ru/BC multilayers, a reactive sputtering technique using a mixture working gas of argon and nitrogen with different partial pressures was tested, and the fabricated multilayers had a period of 3 nm. The intrinsic stress was essentially reduced after nitridation and relaxed to zero value at approximately 15% partial pressure of nitrogen in the working gas.

Effect of the surface roughness on X-ray absorption by mirrors operating at extremely small grazing angles.

This study theoretically analyzes an increase in X-ray absorption by a grazing incidence mirror due to its surface roughness. We demonstrate that the increase in absorption can be several hundred times larger than predicted by the Nevot-Croce formula. As a result, absorption enhances by several times compared to a perfectly smooth mirror despite the extremely small grazing angle of an incident X-ray beam (a fraction of the critical angle of the total external reflection) and the high quality of the reflecting surface (the roughness height was 0.

Narrowband and tunable anomalous transmission filters for spectral monitoring in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength region.

We present the first experimental demonstration of a novel type of narrowband and wavelength-tunable multilayer transmission filter for the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region. The operating principle of the filter is based on spatially overlapping the nodes of a standing wave field with the absorbing layers within the multilayer structure. For a wavelength with a matching node pattern, this increases the transmission as compared to neighboring wavelengths where anti-nodes overlap with the absorbing layers.

Analytic theory of alternate multilayer gratings operating in single-order regime.

Using the coupled wave approach (CWA), we introduce the analytical theory for alternate multilayer grating (AMG) operating in the single-order regime, in which only one diffraction order is excited. Differing from previous study analogizing AMG to crystals, we conclude that symmetrical structure, or equal thickness of the two multilayer materials, is not the optimal design for AMG and may result in significant reduction in diffraction efficiency. The peculiarities of AMG compared with other multilayer gratings are analyzed.

Nitridated Pd/BC multilayer mirrors for soft X-ray region: internal structure and aging effects.

Reactive sputtering with a mixture of argon and nitrogen (N partial pressure of 4%, 8%, and 15%) as the working gas is used to develop the high reflectance Pd/BC multilayers for soft X-ray region application. Compared to the pure Ar fabricated sample, the interface roughness of the nitridated multilayer is slightly increased while the compressive stress is essentially relaxed from -623 MPa (pure Ar) to -85 MPa (15% N). A maximum reflectance of 32% is measured at the wavelength of 9.

Design of a multilayer-based collimated plane-grating monochromator for tender X-ray range.

Collimated plane-grating monochromators (cPGMs), consisting of a plane mirror and plane diffraction grating, are essential optics in synchrotron radiation sources for their remarkable flexibility and good optical characteristics in the soft X-ray region. However, the poor energy transport efficiency of a conventional cPGM (single-layer-coated) degrades the source intensity and leaves reduced flux at the sample, especially for the tender X-ray range (1-4 keV) that covers a large number of K- and L-edges of medium-Z elements, and M-edges of high-Z elements. To overcome this limitation, the use of a multilayer-based cPGM is proposed, combining a multilayer-coated plane mirror with blazed multilayer gratings.

Extreme ultraviolet resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at a seeded free-electron laser.

In the past few years, we have been witnessing an increased interest for studying materials properties under non-equilibrium conditions. Several well established spectroscopies for experiments in the energy domain have been successfully adapted to the time domain with sub-picosecond time resolution. Here we show the realization of high resolution resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) with a stable ultrashort X-ray source such as an externally seeded free electron laser (FEL).